Lepidopteran

Albrecht M (2004) Supramolecular Templating in the Formation of Helicates. 248 105-139 Ando T, Inomata S-I, Yamamoto M (2004) Lepidopteran Sex Pheromones. 239 51-96 Angyal SJ (2001) The Lobry de Bruyn-Alberda van Ekenstein Transformation and Related Reactions. 215 1-14... 

Tolerance to the herbicide bromoxynil, resistance to certain lepidopteran insects... 

Resistance to several lepidopteran insects, tolerance to the herbicide glufosinate... 

The simple model proposed in this section can clearly generate some of the major pattern elements observed in lepidopteran wings. As we keep reiterating in this book, it is not sufficient to say that... 

Number of lepidopteran species whose sex pheromones were found to be the indicated component... 

Table 4 Lepidopteran female pheromones of other groups ( )... 

Some lepidopteran species secret methyl-branched chemicals for their sexual communication. These have been abbreviated with Me to indicate the position of the methyl group. Disparlure (Me2,epo7-18 H) is a well-known pheromone identified from Lymantria dispar [3] and two other species in the same genus, L.fumida [95] and L. monacha [96]. L. monacha also secrets an... 

Contrary to the structure similarity of the pheromones secreted by taxonomical related moths, some differences are necessary for their sexual communication systems to play an important role in their reproductive isolation. In addition to further modifications of the various structures, diversity of the lepidopteran sex pheromones is generated by blending multiple components. Innumerable pheromone blends are based not only on combinations of different components but also on variations in the mixing ratio. A pioneer study with Adoxophyes spp. (Tortricidae Tortricinae) had already proposed this concept in the early 1970s. While the smaller tea tortrix (A. honmai) and the Japanese summerfruit tortrix (A. oranafasciata) had been considered to be variant strains with different host preferences in the same species, Tamaki et al. found that females of the former pest insect in the tea garden secreted Z9-14 OAc and Zll-14 OAc in a ratio of 7 4 but females of the latter defoliator of apple trees secreted them in a ratio of 13 4 [127,128]. Furthermore, two other components (Ell-14 OAc and MelO-12 OAc) were subsequently identified from the former species [129]. 

Different from the use of ordinal insecticides, this disruption method has high target selectivity and, as would be desired, ensures the survival of natural enemies. The sex pheromone, which shows no toxicity to mammals, is an ideal insect-behavior regulator (IBR). Table 8 shows the application areas of main mating disruptants for lepidopteran insects. In addition to the use of the synthetic pheromone of P. gossypiella in large cotton fields, many disruptants are... 

Anderbrant O (1999) Sawflies and seed wasps. In Hardie J, Minks AK (eds) Pheromones of non-lepidopteran insects associated with agricultural plants. CABI Publishing, New York, p 199... 

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