Lead zirconate precursor

These reactions have been studied in detail for materials such as silica, and understanding of reaction mechanisms, as well as of the role of the precursor and catalyst (acid or base), has been well documented.63,64 Similar studies have been carried out in other material systems, most notably, lead zirconate titanate [Pb(Zr,Ti)03 PZT].52,65-68 For multicomponent (mixed-metal) systems such as those noted, prehydrolysis of less reactive alkoxides is sometimes employed to improve solution compositional uniformity. Other synthetic strategies to achieve molecular level mixing of reagents have also been employed. Here, synthesis of mixed-metal alkoxides has been a focus of investigators.40-42 A key point is to restrict the amount of water and to control how it is added to form solubalizable precursor species, rather than to induce precipitation.1,52,69,70... 

Roberts, G. et al. (2001) Synthesis of lead nickel niobate-lead zirconate titanate solid solutions by a B-site precursor method, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 84, 2869-72. 

Low temperature synthesis of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) can also be obtained via a microemulsion process [161]. The microemulsion, containing cations of lead zirconium and titanium in the aqueous phase, was coprecipitated as hydroxide precursors by the addition of ammonium solution. Crystalhne tetragonal PZT powders were then obtained by calcining the precursors at a temperature as low as 450 °C in air without forming any intermediate phases. 

E. R. Camargo, M. Popa, J. Frantti, and M. Kakihana. Wet-chemical route for the preparation of lead zirconate An amorphous carbon- and halide-free precursor synthesized by the hydrogen peroxide based route. Chem. Mater, 13 3943-3948, 2001 E. R. Camargo, J. Erantti, and M. Kakihana. Low-temperature chemical synthesis of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) powders free from halides and organics. J. Mater. Chem., 11 1875-1879,2001... 

Thin films of BaTi03 [11] and lead zirconate titanate [12] have been prepared by cathodic reduction. Konno and co-workers [13] have obtained thin films of La, M Cr03 (M = Ca, Sr) by heat treatment (700 °C, 10 min) of the hydroxy-chromate precursor obtained by cathodic reduction of a mixed metal nitrate solution containing (NH )2Cr20.j. Films of LaFeOj are prepared by heat treatment of an electrosynthesized hydroxide precursor at 7(X) °C (which is much lower than the temperature (>1000 C) used in the conventional ceramic preparation)... 

Ferroelectric thin films which are being developed for nonvolatile memory applications are most often based on the use of solution-deposited lead zirconate titanate (PZT). Solution deposition generally involves the following steps (1) preparation of the precursor solution from metal alkoxide and carboxylate compounds (2) the tailoring of solution characteristics such as solids content, viscosity. 

Piezoceramic materials are chemically inert and physically strong. In fibre form, they have anisotropic structures. Usually, ceramic fibres are produced by the spinning of an organic or mineral precursor fibre, followed by heat treatment and pyrolysis (Hearle, 2001). Piezoceramic fibres comprising lead zirconate/lead titanate exhibit better sensitivity in terms of piezoelectric activity and elevated operating temperatures (Swallow et al., 2008). PZT fibres can be manufactured by various processes, such as sol-gel, viscous suspension spinning, extrusion and viscous plastic processing, some of which are already commercially available (Strock et al., 1999 Meyer et al., 1998 French and Cass, 1998 Meister et al., 2003 Bowen et al., 2006). 

Stawski, X.M., Besselink, R., Veldhuis, S.A., Castricum, H.L., Blank, D.H.A., and ten Elshof, J.E. (2012) Xime-resolved small angle X-ray scattering study of sol-gel precursor solutions of lead zirconate titanate and zirconia. /. Colloid Interface ScL, 369, 184-192. 

Kitaoka K., Koznka H., Yoke T. Preparation of lead lanthannm zirconate titanate (PLZT, (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)03) fibers by sol-gel method. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 1998 81 1189-1196 Koznka H., Knroki H., Sakka S. Flow characteristics and spinnability of sols prepared from silicon alkoxide solntion. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 1988 100 226-230 Kmger R., Glanbitt W., Lobmann P. Strnctnre evolntion in sol-gel-derived yttrium aluminum garnet-alumina precursor fibers. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 2002 85 2827-2833 Kurokawa H., Ohta H., Sato T. Preparation of carbide fibres by thermal decomposition ofceUulose-metal (Ti, Zr) alkoxide gel fibres. J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 1994 13 516-518 Knrokawa Y., Ishizaki T., Suzuki M. Preparation of refractory nitride fibers by thermal decomposition of transition metal (Ti, Nb) alkoxide-cellnlose preenrsor gel fibres in NH3 atmosphere. J. Mater. Sci. 2001 36 301-306... 

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