Lead poisoning sources

If your child s blood lead level is over 15 or 20 p g/dl, both medical management and environmental intervention are called for. A public health nurse will speak to you about lead poisoning, its potential sources, and ways to reduce blood lead levels. Your child should be retested regularly and tested for iron deficiency and your home examined for sources of lead. Depending on what is found, medical treatment and/or control of lead poisoning sources might be appropriate. Measures that are recommended in response to an elevated blood lead level are discussed in Chapters 5 through 16. 

Unbumt gasoline and cracked hydrocarbons such as ethylene and propylene are also substantial constituents of exhaust. Gasoline contains additives such as benzene, toluene and branched hydrocarbons to achieve the necessary octane numbers. The direct emission of these volatile compounds, e.g. at gas stations, is a significant source of air pollution. Leaded fuels, containing antiknock additions such as tetra-ethyl-lead, have been abandoned because lead poisons both human beings and the three-way exhaust catalyst, especially for the removal of NO by rhodium. 

Anthony S. Fauci et al., eds. Harrison s Principles of Internal Medicine. 14th ed. New York McGraw-Hill, 1998. Source for lead poisoning symptoms. 

Carroll A. Hochwalt. May 18,1978. Source for no running water hard-driving boss airplane pistons in laboratory team talk of abandoning search TEL discovered and tested and Hochwalt s and Midgley s lead poisoning. 

Walter Stolov. e-mail communication. Nov. 5, 1999. Source for lead poisoning s effect on polio. 

Hu-Howard. Knowledge of Diagnosis and Reproductive History among Survivors of Childhood Plumbism. American Journal of Public Health. 81 (Aug. 1991) 1070-1072. Source for third-generation effects of lead poisoning. 

Jerome O. Nriagu. Lead and Lead Poisoning in Antiquity. New York Wiley, 1983. Source for ancient lead leaded gasoline statistics and Clean Air Act. 

Many non-Westem folk remedies used to treat diarrhea or other ailments may contain substantial amounts of lead. Examples of these include Alarcon, Ghasard, Alkohl, Greta, Azarcon, Liga, Bali Goli, Pay-loo-ah, Coral, and Rueda. In addition, an adult case of lead poisoning was recently attributed to an Asian remedy for menstrual cramps known as Koo Sar. The pills contained lead at levels as high as 12 ppm (CDC 1998). The source of the lead was thought to be in the red dye used to color the pills. 

Cases of lead poisoning have been related to less common sources of exposure. Illicit "moonshine" whiskey made in stills composed of lead-soldered parts (e.g., truck radiators) may contain high levels of... 

Accidental or intentional ingestion of folk remedies containing lead (discussed in Section 5.5) represents another source for potential lead-poisoning in children. Acute lead encephalopathy in early infancy has been reported in a Middle Eastern study for 14 infants following the use of Bint al Thahab, a traditional... 

Fischbein A, Wallace J, Sassa S, et al. 1992. Lead poisoning from art restoration and pottery work unusual exposure source and household risk. J Environ Path Toxicol Oncol 11(1) 7-11. 

Mushak P, Crocetti AF. 1989. Determination of numbers of lead-exposed American children as a function of lead source Integrated summary of a report to the U.S. Congress on childhood lead poisoning. Environ Res 50 210-229. 

O Halloran, J., A.A. Myers, and P.F. Duggan. 1988. Lead poisoning in swans and sources of contamination in Ireland. Jour. Zool. (London) 216 211-223. 

Pain, D.J. 1987. Lead Poisoning in Waterfowl An Investigation of Sources and Screening Techniques. Ph.D. thesis, Oxford University, England. 335 pp. 

Laidlaw, M.A. Filippelli, G.M. 2008. Resuspension of urban soils as a persistent source of lead poisoning in children A review and new directions. Applied Geochemistry. 2008, 23, 2021-2039. 

Lead poisoning Treatment of lead poisoning in children with blood lead levels above 45 mcg/dL. Not indicated for prophylaxis of lead poisoning in a lead-containing environment always accompany succimer use with identification and removal of the source of lead exposure. 

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