Lead, organic derivatives

These compounds are obtained by action of halogenated organic derivatives on lead alloys (magnesium or alkaline metal alloys). 

Lead is also used in organ pipes, of course. Other uses include the lead-acid battery, radiation shielding, ceramic glazes, and in lead glass. It is a toxic element, and its organic derivatives are also toxic. Tetraethyllead was used for many years as an anti-knock agent in petrol. 

Berdicevsky and coworkers125 reported the conversion of inorganic lead into organic derivatives by marine microorganisms. 

The amidation of unsaturated acids or esters (not necessarily a,(3 unsaturated ones) leads to derivatives of the corresponding dicarboxylic acids and may serve as a method for the synthesis of dicarboxylic acids from unsaturated monocarboxylic acids (10,13, 14). This reaction of formamide with oc,(3-unsaturated acid derivatives besides being of synthetic value has some interesting aspects as far as free radical chemistry and photochemistry are concerned. We shall start this section in discussing the last point, i.e. the photochemical aspects of the reaction. This point is of primary interest to the synthetic organic chemist, who must be aware of it, otherwise he may fail in his synthetic work purely because of photochemical reasons. 

The forefather of the chemistry of organic compounds of tin and lead was the Swiss chemist Carl Lowig. In the middle of the nineteenth century in the Zurich University laboratory (which was not set up to handle toxic compounds), he developed for the first time several methods for the synthesis of common organic derivatives of these two elements and described their properties41-44. 

Cytotoxicity of organic derivatives of tin and lead depends mainly on their topological characteristics and to a lesser extent on the nature of the metal atom. 

Organic derivatives of silicon compounds particularly those involving Si-O-C and Si-N( )-C bonds are of great synthetic importance as intermediates which, when suitably reacted (usually via solvolysis), lead to the desired organic fine chemicals [ 146a]. These classes of compounds may be effectively synthe-... 

Reaction of elemental bismuth with the halogens at elevated temperatmes leads to the production of BiX3. Properties of the trihalides are summarized in Table 2. Bismnth is first oxidized by P2(g) to BiFs, with conversion to BiFs occming above 600 °C. The latter is the only known homoleptic bismnth(V) halide, although organic derivatives of the form... 

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