Layer morphology

In general, the various synthesis strategies for nanocarbon hybrids can be categorized as ex situ and in situ techniques [3]. The ex situ ( building block ) approach involves the separate synthesis of the two components prior to their hybridization. One can rely on a plethora of scientific work to ensure good control of the component s dimensions (i.e. size, number of layers), morphology (i.e. spherical nanoparticles, nanowires) and functionalization. The components are then hybridized through covalent, noncovalent or electrostatic interactions. In contrast, the in situ approach is a one-step process that involves the synthesis of one of the components in the pres-... 

Ren, S. Bernardi, M. Lunt, R. R. Bulovic, V. Grossman, J. C. Gradecak, S., Toward efficient carbon nanotube/P3ht solar cells Active layer morphology, electrical, and optical properties. Nano Lett. 2011,11, 5316-5321. 

M. Neergat and A. K. Shukla. Effect of diffusion-layer morphology on the performance of solid-polymer-electrolyte direct methanol fuel cells. Journal of Power Sources 104 (2002) 289-294. 

Overall, the correlation functions discussed in detail in Malek et al. provide valuable structural information at the nanometer scale that allows refining the picture of fhe phase-segregafed cafalysf layer morphology, lonomer... 

As we have described, OVPD technology enables the deposition of layers of pure materials or precise compositions of different materials, for example hosts, cohosts, and dopants. Besides layer composition, layer morphology [34], deposition rate [35, 36] and the substrate temperature [37-40] also affect device performance. Layer morphology is strongly affected by the substrate itself, but also by the deposition process and the deposition conditions. 

Another advantage of OVPD over VTE is the ability to control surface morphology (Table 9.1, no. 10). Use of two different deposition modes in OVPD enables active design of layer morphology and interfaces with very valuable properties for device improvements this is of particular importance for high-performance organic TFTs. 

Fig. 5.7. Scanning electron micrograph of thin layers of RuxSey deposited onto a glassy carbon suface during the synthesis the layer morphology as prepared (a), and after an viw.rochemical treatment (b) in argon or oxygen saturated 0.5M H2SU4 electrolyte.

Instead of observing the change of the morphology as a function of the film thickness, surface boundaries could also be used to control the wetting layer morphology at interfaces, the surface topographies, and the microdomain period [148]. In the case of symmetric or asymmetric wetting of the block copolymer at... 

Measuring Fouling Layer Morphology and Cell Adhesion Kinetics.331... 

Riedl K., Girard B., and Lencki W., Influence of membrane stmeture on fouUng layer morphology during apple juice clarification. Journal of Membrane Science 139 1998 155-166. 

In liquid-crystalline polymers, order may include packing of mesogenic, rigid side chains. Correspondingly, terrace-like (layered) morphologies can form in size-domains, which are in the range of typical lamellar dimensions. These can easily be visualized by AFM. 

Figure 1. Photo at top double-layer morphology of polythiazyl deposited on KI. The second layer preferentially grows on top of the first layer, and clearly shows a fibrous nature. Photo at bottom electron micrograph as above, indicating the orientation of the chain is along both (110) directions of the substrate, but with only one direction per crystal. Some of the second deposit grows on previously unoccupied regions on the substrate as normal rectangular platelets (arrow points to one...

As we found that the OFETs performance of DHBTP-SC and DHPT-SC are far superior compared to BT3, BT5, and BT7 series, our focus was to study the layer morphology of these two prominent materials. 

The dramatic change in the seed layer morphology at different growth pressures is due to different nucleation energy and lateral growth rate. 

Putting desiccant in a layer of multilayer containers made with the same EVOH polymer results in much less oxygen permeation. The Retort Shock and slow barrier recovery effects do not take place. Moreover, this is true even when the desiccant is separated from the EVOH by a thin polymeric layer so that the EVOH and the desiccant cannot interact chemically. Retorted containers with desiccant behave more like unretorted containers without desiccant oxygen permeation is controlled almost exclusively by the water activity of the EVOH layer. Morphological changes in the EVOH layer after retorting appear to be very small when desiccant is present. We attribute this to rapid transport of excess moisture from the EVOH to the desiccant which results in healing the... 

Scheme 1 Different possible donor-acceptor active layer morphologies in OPV devices. The left drawing depicts a macrophase separated polymer blend morphology with undefined domains. In the middle and at the right, schematic active layer morphologies of disordered and vertically aligned microphase separated block copolymer thin films are shown. Dark and light grey domains correspond to the donor and the acceptor phase, respectively...

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