Layer method, transport properties

The simplest method yet most complex structure for white OLEDs consists of three primary emission colors blue, green, and red. Kido et al. reported using three emitter layers with different carrier transport properties to produce a white emission [273], The multilayer structure of such an OLED is ITO/TPD/p-EtTAZ/Alq3/Alq3 Nile Red/Alq3/Mg Ag, in which a blue emission from the TPD layer, a green emission from the Alq3 layer, and a red... 

In this section, we will briefly discuss different testing techniques that are widely used to measure most of the important mass transport properties of fhe diffusion layers. It is important to note that these techniques can also be used with MPLs. The first subsection will explain methods that deal with properties that affect both gas and liquid mass transport, and the other two subsections will discuss only techniques that measure gas and liquid transport properties, respectively. 

Many published results on electronic transport properties of organic materials, where metal contacts are usually made by evaporation of metals, do not describe the quality of the organic/metal interface, and some exotic observed features may perhaps be ascribed to extrinsic effects such as metal diffusion. The relatively simple contact lamination technique may become an alternative, since it provides a means for establishing electrical contacts without the potential disruption of the organic material associated with metal evaporation. The method consists in bringing the organic layer into mechanical contact with an elastomeric element coated with a thin metal film, which can also be patterned. The contacts are robust and reversible... 

The porous properties of mesoporous layers can be characterized conveniently using classical methods based on the N > adsorption-desorption isotherm at 77 K. However, it is important to use additional techniques based on transmembrane transport properties in order to characterize the passing-through pores. Moreover, these dynamic methods will easily detect the... 

The zeolite membranes quality and the development of methods able to rapidly identify the defects are key-factors for large scale applications. A large number of static and dynamic methods can be used to evaluate the quality of membranes [125J. Static methods allow to study the physico-chemical characteristics of the membrane material. Dynamic methods allow the detection of defects affecting the transport properties and consequently the membrane performance. For zeolite membranes the quality of the adhesion between the zeolite layer and the support, the orientation of zeolite crystals, the layer thickness, and the number and quality of... 

Multiple emulsions have a complex morphology and various important parameters for their prepara tion and characterization have been described (39, 47). Examples are the characteristics of the W/0 glo bules in W/O/W systems, such as their size and volume fraction, W/0 ratio inside the W/O globules, and aver age number and size of water droplets inside the W/O globules. The time dependence of Arose parameters are closely related to the stability of multiple emulsions and their morphology. Other important features are transport properties of substances encapsulated into discrete droplets and the permeability of the layer separating Are internal from the external continuous phase. As was shown above, the NMR PFG method is a sensitive tool to study structure and complex dynamic phenomena, and therefore it is a promising technique in the study of multiple emiAsions. 

Abstract The polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) consists of disparate porous media microstructures, e.g. catalyst layer, microporous layer, gas diffusion layer, as the key components for achieving the desired performance attributes. The microstmcture-transport interactions are of paramount importance to the performance and durability of the PEFC. In this chapter, a systematic description of the stochastic micro structure reconstmction techniques along with the numerical methods to estimate effective transport properties and to study the influence of the porous structures on the underlying transport behavior is presented. 

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