Larvae release

A single dose of praziquantel, 5-10 mg/kg, results in nearly 100% cure rates for T saginata, T solium, and/) latum infections. For Tsolium, since praziquantel does not kill eggs, it is theoretically possible that larvae released from eggs in the large bowel could penetrate the intestinal wall and give rise to cysticercosis, but this hazard is probably minimal. 

Hatchery Synchronization of hatching and larvae release Application of pumping pheromones... 

Larvae were released from broods at a wide range of developmental stages, from early embryos to competent three-lobed larvae. Variability is further emphasised by details of larval release collected from three females. One female released her brood in seven days, the second took 33 days and the third had not completed release in 46 days. The stage most commonly released was lobed larvae. Numbers of embryos in broods and larvae released by females between late December 1994 and mid February 1995 also varied markedly (Table 9.2). 

Table 9.2 Liothyrella uva numbers of larvae released by females from late December 1994 to mid February 1995, and numbers of embryos remaining in the lophophore at the end of the study...

Female No. larvae released No. embryos/larvae in lophophore Total brooded Proportion released (%)... 

Female Date Larvae released Larvae settled XonAM... 

Degradation of suberin was demonstrated by chemical analysis in the case of attack on the periderm of Rubus idaeus by Thomasiniana theobaldi (155). After enzymatic attack by larvae-released enzymes, the periderm was shown to have 52% fewer aliphatic suberin components, and hemicellulose and cellulose were decreased by 28% and 54%, respectively. The cell wall degradation caused by this insect attack was thought to provide subsequent access for fungal infection. 

Trichinosis is the condition caused by the adult worm of T. spiralis which is between 1 and 2 mm long. The cysts are found in contaminated meat, primarily pork. When ingested, cysts release immature larvae, which invade the intestinal lining and develop into adult worms. Mature worms mate in the... 

A combination of mass spectrometry on purified bands, with limited protein sequence, and generation of antibodies to mucin-specific sequences has established that MUC-1, MUC-2 and MUC-3 are all present in the complex of secreted TES-120 proteins (Loukas et al, 2000). In addition, a further band migrating slightly more slowly than TES-120 represents an as yet unidentified threonine-rich mucin-like gene product. Two further mucins, MUC-4 and MUC-5, have also been cloned (A. Doedens et al., 2000, unpublished results Loukas et al, 2000), but as yet there are no data to suggest that these are secreted by the larvae. In the case of MUC-5, release seems unlikely because it has a relatively high lysine content and it is known that TES-120 does not incorporate lysine (Gems and Maizels, 1996). 

Some male arctiid moths produce their courtship pheromone from dietary pyrrolizidine alkaloids acquired during feeding by the larvae [ 126]. Conversion of monocrotaline to hydroxydanaidal by males is accomplished by aromatiza-tion, ester hydrolysis and oxidation of an alcohol to the aldehyde [7]. In the case of Utetheisa ornatirx the stereo-configuration at C7 of the dietary alkaloid is the same as the pheromone released (R). In contrast, another arctiid, Creatono-tos transiens, can convert a dietary precursor alkaloid with the (S) configuration at C7 (heliotrine) to (l )-hydroxydanaidal. The biosynthesis occurs by first oxidation-reduction at C7 to convert the stereochemistry and then proceeds through aromatization, hydrolysis, and oxidation [7]. 

Bailey, D.L., G.C. Labrecque, and T.L. Whitfield. 1970. Slow-release and emulsifiable formulations of Dursban and Abate for controlling larvae of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus. Mosq. News 30 465-467. 

Given to 180-kg heifer calves 12 days before infestation by 30-60-day-old larvae of ticks. Sustained release equivalent to 3, 5, or 6.8-10.1 mg famphur/kg body weight (BW) daily 7 mg/kg BW daily (range 4.5-11.5 mg/kg BW daily)... 

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