Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus

Bailey, D.L., G.C. Labrecque, and T.L. Whitfield. 1970. Slow-release and emulsifiable formulations of Dursban and Abate for controlling larvae of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus. Mosq. News 30 465-467. 

Unknown Fish exposed to radiolabeled diflubenzuron for33 days contained about 6% of the parent diflubenzuron vs. 54% for alga (Oedogonium cardiacum), 82% for snail (Physa sp.), and 94% for larvae of mosquito (Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus) 42... 

Mittal, P.K. and V.K. Kohli. 1988. The effect of diflubenzuron on the egg laying and vitellogenesis in female Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus. Res. Bull Panjab Univ. 39 93-100. 

Comparative investigations of insecticidal properties of the analogous compounds 103a and 103b against Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus and Musca domestica also led to similar results. 

Cross-resistance is not the same as multiple resistance. Multiple resistance may occur when a population of insects comes into contact with two or more different insecticides. Thus, cross-resistance refers to those cases in which a single defense mechanism confers resistance against various insecticides, whereas multiple resistance refers to cases of resistance to various insecticides conferred by different mechanisms. In general, multiple resistance is due to the sequential selection of populations with replacement insecticides. Each new insecticide selects one or more mechanisms of resistance, and each mechanism usually confers cross-resistance to several other insecticides (Georghiou and Taylor, 1976). Table 10.8 shows the multiple resistance to organophosphate, carbamate, and organochlo-rine insecticides in two strains of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus. 

Table 10.8 Resistance spectra of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus at Hanford, California, 1974...

Hall and Arakawa 11) and Dunn 10) showed that the housefly Musca domestica L.) was susceptible to B. thuringiensis preparations, and Briggs 5) suggested that a material in the supernatant was responsible for the toxicity. Liles and Dunn 21) reported on the action of this toxin on larvae of Aedes aegypti L. and Chao and Wisterich 8) on the response by larvae of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say. 

Midge, Chironomus ripariusAarvae Mosquito, Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Alga, Oedogonium cardiacum Periphyton, mostly diatoms Cladoceran, D. pulex Cladoceran, D. magna Snail, Physa sp. 

Vanlandingham, D.L., Schneider, B.S., Klingler, K., Fair, J., Beasley, D., Huang, J., Hamilton, P. and Higgs, S. (2004) Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction quantification of West Nile virus transmitted by Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus. Am. J. Prop. Med. Hyg. 71, 120-123. 

J. Pelletier et al.. An odorant receptor from the southern house mosquito Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus sensitive to oviposition attractants, PLOS ONE, 5, el0090, 2010. 

Fig. 2 Lethal efficacy of Metofluthrin against mosquitoes topical application method, relative efficacy the larger the number the more active the compound (Cp Culex pipiens pallens, Cq Culex quinquefasciatus, Ae Aedes aegypti, Aa Aedes albopictus)...

Esterasss. Esterases are a major mechanism of resistance to organophosphates and in certain cases may also contribute resistance toward carbamates and certain pyrethroids. The role of esterases in resistance in mosquitoes and aphids has been the subject of especially fruitful research during the past few years. In collaborative studies between our laboratory and French laboratories in Montpellier, Antibes and Pau, several electrophoretic forms of esterases A and B have been identified in mosquitoes (Figure 5). Esterases Ai, A2, A4, Bi, B2, and B4 are found in the Culex pipiens complex, i.e. C. pipiens and C. quinquefasciatus. Two other forms, esterases A3 and B3, are present in C. tarsalis, and still others (not yet named) in Aedes aegypti and Ae. nigromaculis from California, C. tritaeniorhynchus from Japan (22) and various Culex species from Mexico. 

Culex pipiens Culex quinquefasciatus Aedes aegypti Aedes albopictus... 

The lethal efficacy of Metofluthrin against four medically important mosquito species (C. pipiens pallens, Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti, and A. albopictus) is summarized in Fig. 2. The efficacy of Metofluthrin was found to be very high against all these 4 species and it was between 19 and 49 times higher than that of d allethrin. 

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