Landslides debris flows

In the southeast coast area of Fujian, Leizhou Peninsula of south Guangdong and north area of Hainan Island, there developed some disasters (mainly landslide, debris flow, liquefaction and subsidence) because of the existence of helpful geological conditions and the abundant rainfall. 

Mountainous region Landslide, collapse, mountain cracking, debris flow, failings dam failure, water loss and soil erosion, water and soil pollution... 

There are two broad causes of mass wasting. One is a sudden failure of the slope sending loosened debris sliding, rolling, falling or slumping down hill and the other is a process called sediment flow where the debris flows down the slope mixed with water or air. Vames (1978) further classified landslides by the type of movement and type of material involved as shown in Table 2.14. 

Often the context implies a particular value of a descriptor, which may then be omitted or descriptors may be dropped if they are not relevant. Second or subsequent movements in complex or composite landslides can be described by repeating terms. Descriptors, which are the same as those for the first movement, may then be omitted from the name. The Frank Shde, for instance, was a complex, extremely rapid, dry rock-fad debris-flow. The type of material may be connected to its type of movement by a hyphen as in debris-flow or left unhyphenated when there is no ambiguity as in the Frank rock fall. The sequence of types of movement, fall then flow, indicates the sequence of movements in the landslide the addition of the complex descriptor to the name distinguishes the landslide from a composite rock-fall debris-flow. The full name of the Frank Slide as given above, implies that the debris flow was both extremely... 

Yue, Z.Q. 2013a. Natural gas eruption mechanism for earthquake landslides Illustrated with comparison between Donghekou and Papandayan rockslide-debris flows, in Earthquake-induced Landslides, K. Ugai et al. (eds.), Springer-Verlage Berlin, Chapter 51 pp. 485-494. 

The high-position debris flows in the Wenchuan earthquake region have the following three types of disaster-foming models (1) the landslide-initiated type the source material to form the high-position... 

The rainfall is a very important factor to the disaster of earthquake landslides and debris flow, while it relies on the meteorology. Controlled by the monsoon and terrain of China, the rainfall decreased gradually from the southeastern coastal areas to inland area of northwest. In the areas of south and southeast China and Taiwan province, the rainfall is very rich, which provides advantages to the disaster of earthquake landslides and debris... 

Perhaps the most obvious types of ground vibration associated with debris-flow and landslide initiation are geological structures and earthquakes. The geological structures accelerate the cracking... 

The Qiaojia county lies in the conjunction of Xiaojian fault, Lianfengshan fault etc. The violent movement of neotectonic movement and frequent earthquake made the soil and rock broken and decrease slope stability so that landslides and falls initiated and led to plenty of loose materials that contribute to the occurrence of debris flow in Qiaojia. 

Slosson, J.E., Havens, G.W, Shuirman, G., and Slosson, T.E., 1989, Harrison Canyon debris flows of 1980, in Sadler, PM. and Morton, D.M., editors. Landslides in a Semi-arid Environment California, Inland Geological Society, P. 285-298. 

Dijkstra, T.A., Chandler, J., Wackrow, R., Meng, X.M., Ma, D.T., Gibson, A., Whitworth, M., Foster, C., Lee, K., Hobbs, P.R.N., Reeves, H.J. Wasowski, J. 2012. Geomorphic controls and debris flows—the 2010 Zhouqu disaster, China. Proc. The 11th International Symposium on Landslides (ISL) and the 2nd North American Symposium on Landslides, 2-8 June 2012. Banff, Alberta, Canada. 

Figure 1. Photograph of landslide and debris flow in Hong Kong.

Classify the types of potential landsliding. The classification system proposed by Varnes (1978) as modified by Cruden and Varnes (1996) constitutes a suitable system. It should be recognized that a site may be affected by more than one type of landslide hazard. For example, deep-seated landslides occur at the site, whereas rockfall and debris flows will initiate from above the site. 

Fell, R. 1994a. Stabilization of Soil and Rock Slopes, In Proceedings of East Asia Symposium and Field Workshop on Landslides and Debris Flows, Seoul, 1,7-74. 

Debris flow Landslide Snow avalanche 3-D stereo simulation Virtual reality... 

As previously mentioned the software realized by the consortium allows to view a 3D simulation of a debris flow in motion, a landslide in its multitemporal evolution and a snow avalanche, all of them in their natural context of occurrence. 

A computer simulation has been realized in 2011, by a consortium of different institutions leaded by the Civil Protection Department of the Turin Province, that allows a 3D view of three different types of natural instability phenomena a debris flow, a landslide and a snow avalanche. The computer simulation has been shown to the public during several occasions at the European Researchers Night 2012 (University of Torino—Geositlab), at Liceo M. Curie (Pinerolo— Turin, April 2012), at Liceo Des Ambrois (Ouk— Turin, June 2012), during civic protection drills (Ivrea—Turin, October 2012 Bussoleno— Turin, June 2013) at the 2013 Science Festival (Genova, October 2013). It has repeatedly revealed to be useful to attract the public attention and so to produce an increase of awareness of the environmental risks produced by the natural phenomena that have been simulated. 

In this article, landslide is used as a generic term to include all types of downslope movement of earth material, including types of movement that involve little or no true sliding. Thus, rock falls, debris flows, etc., are considered types of landslides. The classification system of Vames (1978) is used, which categorizes landslides by the type of material involved (soil or rock) and by the type of movement (falls, topples, slides, slumps, flows, or spreads). Other modifiers commonly are used to indicate velocity of movement, degree of internal disruption, state of activity, and moisture content. 

The criteria used in the description of landslides (Cruden Varnes 1996) follow Varnes (1978) in emphasizing material and movement. A landslide can be described by a word describing the material and a second word describing the type of movement. The major divisions of materials are unchanged from Varnes (1978) rock, debris and earth. Movements have again been divided into five types falls, flows, slides, spreads and topples. 

Lava flows, including debris avalanches, landslides and slope failures ... 

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