Laminate parallel

Laminated, parallel Lignin plastics Line pipe... 

Laminated, parallel Laminate in which all layers of materials are... 

For laminated test pieces, tests may be performed both flatwise and edgewise, and for each of these there exists the possibility of having the laminations parallel or normal to the direction of blow. All these are permitted, and a suitable coding scheme is defined to enable the options chosen in a given test to be defined very succinctly. 

Laminate, parallel, n—A laminate in which the grain of all layers of material are oriented approximately parallel to each other. A laminate in which all the layers of material are oriented approximately parallel with respect to the grain or strongest direction in tension. 

Parallel laminated par-9- l9l la-m9- nat- n. Pertaiiung to a laminate in which all layers of reinforcement are oriented approximately parallel with respect to the length or the direction of applied tensile stress. See laminated, parallel. 

When all of the parent plate deformed at-320°F fractured with "laminations parallel to the roll plane, as opposed to the 45 angle shear at room temperature, we became curious as to what effect reduced temperatures had on the properties in the direction perpendicular to the roll plane. An examination of the photomicrographs taken of specimens pulled at the two opposing temperatures (Fig. 6) shows clearly the cause of our concern., At room temperature the material fractured in a unidirectional manner at a 45 angle to the roll plane. At liquid-nitrogen temperatures the material, after the crack was initiated, seemed to propagate in a unidirectional manner for a short distance and then rip deeply into the layers of material built up as a natural consequence of the rolling process until the tension initiated a rupture in the next layer, and then proceed in like manner. 

Lipped, with laminations parallel to roll plane... 

Grade 1—T1 Flex strength, MPa Water absorption, % Permittivity, 1 MHz Dissipation factor, 1 MHz Impact strength, J/m Dielectric breakdown parallel to laminations, kV... 

Special contact transducers having wedges providing incidence angles for specific appHcations are used widely in industry. For example, normal incidence is used in tests for laminations within sheets, and for sheet or plate thickness where the back surface of the test material parallels, to within perhaps 10°, the front surface. Shear wave transducers typically used for weld examination have 45°, 60°, or 70° inspection (refracted) angles. To locate discontinuities, the transducers may be moved back and forth over selected surface areas until the angled search beam approaches normal incidence on the... 

The strength of laminates is usually predicted from a combination of laminated plate theory and a failure criterion for the individual larnina. A general treatment of composite failure criteria is beyond the scope of the present discussion. Broadly, however, composite failure criteria are of two types noninteractive, such as maximum stress or maximum strain, in which the lamina is taken to fail when a critical value of stress or strain is reached parallel or transverse to the fibers in tension, compression, or shear or interactive, such as the Tsai-Hill or Tsai-Wu (1,7) type, in which failure is taken to be when some combination of stresses occurs. Generally, the ply materials do not have the same strengths in tension and compression, so that five-ply strengths must be deterrnined ... 

Laminations. A lamination is a separation within the metal wall caused hy the presence of a highly elongated nonmetallic inclusion. Laminations generally are aligned parallel to the surfaces. 

If no laminae have failed, the load must be determined at which the first lamina fails (so-called first-ply failure), that is, violates the lamina failure criterion. In the process of this determination, the laminae stresses must be found as a function of the unknown magnitude of loads first in the laminate coordinates and then in the principal material directions. The proportions of load (i.e., the ratios of to Ny, to My,/ etc.) are, of course, specified at the beginning of the analysik The loaa parameter is increased until some individual lamina fails. The properties, of the failed lamina are then degraded in one of two ways (1) totally to zero if the fibers in the lamina fail or (2) to fiber-direction properties if the failure is by cracking parallel to the fibers (matrix failure). Actually, because of the matrix manipulations involved in the analysis, the failed lamina properties must not be zero, but rather effectively zero values in order to avoid a singular matrix that could not be inverted in the structural analysis problem. The laminate strains are calculated from the known load and the stiffnesses prior to failure of a lamina. The laminate deformations just after failure of a lamina are discussed later. 

After a layer fails, the behavior of the laminate depends on how the mechanical and thermal interactions between layers uncouple. Actually, failure of a layer might not mean that it can no longer carry load. In the present example of a cross-ply laminate, the inner layer with fibers at 90° to the x-axis has failed, but, because of the orientation of the fibers (perpendicular to the main failure-causing stress), the failure should be only a series of cracks parallel to the fibers. Thus, stress can still be carried by the inner layer in the fiber direction (y-direction). 

The laminate is now degraded to the point where the outer layers carry stress only in the x-direction and the inner layers can carry stress only in the y-direction. In both cases, the stress is parallel to the fibers. Thus, the laminate is completely decoupled, both thermally and mechanically. The only nonzero reduced stiffnesses are... 

Work on analysis of the common structural shell element made of composite materials is very extensive. Contributions will be mentioned that parallel the developments in Chapter 5 on plates. Some of the first analyses of laminated shells are by Dong, Pister, and Taylor [6-44] and the monograph by Ambartsumyan [6-36]. Further efforts include the buckling work on laminated shells by Cheng and Ho [6-45] and on eccentrically stiffened laminated shells by Jones [6-46]. 

Vermiculite is a naturally occurring group of hydrated aluminum-iron-magnesium silicates having a laminate structure. When subjected to direct heat in a furnace, the pulverized material exfoliates or expands in size, and then consists of a series of parallel plates with air spaces between. 

Unidirectional construction Refers to fibers that are oriented in the same direction, such as unidirectional fabric, tape, or laminate, often called UD. Such parallel alignment is included in pultrusion and filament winding applications. 

This device is based on multiple parallel bi-lamination using bifurcation cascade for generating multiple thin fluid olamellae [25]. The first feed stream is split into multiple sub-streams via a bifurcation cascade in a similar way this is done for the second feed stream in another level. The corresponding sub-streams enter via nozzles into the first level. Here, the end of the channels of the bifurcation cascade and the nozzles lie next to each other. Thereby, bi-laminated sub-streams are formed and enter many parallel channels of an inverse-bifurcation cascade. These are recombined to multilayered stream in one main channel which has a serpentine shape, i.e. comprises extended length. 

The polymer chips comprise two feed micro channels which are connected in a Y-type flow configuration to one elongated micro channel which is folded multiple times for compact design [29]. At the end of this channel a split into two channels is made, again by a Y-type flow configuration. The two-channel flow configuration serves for preparing water-oil parallel (bi-laminated) streams. 

The bubble behavior near the boiling crisis is three-dimensional. It is hard to show a three-dimensional view in side-view photography, because the camera is focused only on a lamination of the bubbly flow. Any bubbles behind this lamination will be fussy or even invisible on the photograph, but they can be seen by the naked eye and recorded in sketches as shown in Section 5.2.3. For further visual studies, the details inside bubble layers (such as the bubble layer in the vicinity of the CHF) would be required. Therefore, close-up photography normal and parallel to the heated surf ace is highly recommended. 

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