Ladder detail

A typical ladder detail is shown in Exhibit 12-1. Ladders with elevations of a maximum of 20 ft (6,100 mm) above grade do not require a safety cage. An 8-in (200-mm) open area behind the ladder should be maintained for toe clearance. Any obstruaion within this distance is a potential tripping hazard. 

In Figure 8-1 we show the chemical structure of m-LPPP. The increase in conjugation and the reduction of geometrical defects was the main motivation to incorporate a poly(/ -phenylene)(PPP) backbone into a ladder polymer structure [21]. Due to the side groups attached to the PPP main chain excellent solubility in nonpolar solvents is achieved. This is the prerequisite for producing polymer films of high optical quality. A detailed presentation of the synthesis, sample preparation,... 

The reason for rejecting the solution s = —(/ + 1) is actually more complicated for states with 1 = 0. I. N. Levine (1991) Quantum Chemistry, 4th edition (Prentice-HaU, Englewood Cliffs, NJ), p. 124, summarizes the arguments with references to more detailed discussions. The complications here strengthen the reasons for preferring the ladder operator technique used in the main text. 

Reviews on double-strand, ladder and spiro polymers published in the literature [5, 6] have not addressed their nomenclature in any detailed fashion. 

Similarly, you may be presented with a diagram of a floor plan of a building, perhaps filled with smoke. Again, this is a test of your ability to remember details. As mentioned in Chapter 11, Spatial Relations, the ability of a firefighter to read a floor plan is crucial, as you may someday find yourself making your way through hallways and rooms filled with smoke. When presented with a floor plan, you will want to note the location of potential hazards and dead ends you may be asked the placement of exits or smoke alarms or where to position a ladder for rescue. 

Section 6.5 because of the detailed design information now available. The costing was done in accordance with the recommendations of Mu let, Corripio and Evans (Ref. Al 3). Their method utilizes correlations for the cost of a simple carbon-steel structure. Factors are then applied to account for the cost of other materials, the inclusion of trays, for operating pressure, and for incidentals such as ladders and railings. The cooling circuit was costed on the basis of heat-transfer area using similar correlations. Details of the cost estimation calculations are included in Appendix G.5. 

The paper is organized as follows. In See.2 we consider the frustrated spin chain at F-AF transition point and describe the exact singlet ground-state wave function as well as details of the spin correlation function calculations. We discuss the phase diagram of this model and its magnetic properties in the AF phase. In Sec.3 the special spin ladder will be considered. A two-dimensional frustrated spin model with the exact ground state is considered in Sec.4. Sec. 5 is devoted to the construction of the electronic models with the SB type of wave function. The results of this paper are summarized in Sec.6. 

Answer 2 given above invites, of course, another question Where do the fundamental thermodynamic relation h = h x) and the relation y = y x) come from An attempt to answer this question makes us to climb more and more microscopic levels. The higher we stay on the ladder the more detailed physics enters our discussion of h = h(x) and y = y(x). Moreover, we also note that the higher we are on the ladder, the more of the physics enters into y = y(x) and less into h = h x). Indeed, on the most macroscopic level, i.e., on the level of classical equilibrium thermodynamics sketched in Section 2.1, we have s = s(y) and y y. All the physics enters the fundamental thermodynamic relation s s(t/), and the relation y = y is, of course, completely universal. On the other hand, on the most microscopic level on which states are characterized by positions and velocities of all ( 1023) microscopic particles (see more in Section 2.2.3) the fundamental thermodynamic relation h = h(x) is completely universal (it is the Gibbs entropy expressed in terms of the distribution function of all the particles) and all physics (i.e., all the interactions among particles) enters the relation y = y(x). 

Fig. 4. Primer extension analysis of rRNAs isolated from four plant species treated with dimethyl sulfate. Sequencing lanes are indicated as A, T, G, and C. A plus sign (+) over the lane denotes RNA prepared from DMS-treated tissues a minus (—) denotes RNA isolated from mock-treated tissues. The nucleotide numbers are the coordinates at which primer extension reactions terminate (see Figs- 3 and 5A). The position of the modified base in the sequence of the 18 S rRNA is determined by comparing novel bands in the DMS-reacted RNA with the sequencing ladder and adding one nucleotide (see Fig. 2 for details). Various regions of the RNA are shown for the different plant species. Several sites of chain termination arising from nascent structure are also evident.

Although isostructural to the Au complex, the Ni and Pt salts do not form spin-ladder systems. This may be due to slight differences in the transfer integrals within the DT-TTF stacks and also to the paramagnetism of [M(mnt)2] (M = Ni, Pt) that may interact with the DT-TTF system. Related Co and Fe compounds have also been reported (311), but they are just simple ionic salts as shown by their 1 1 stoichiometry (instead of the 2 1 stoichiometry for the Au, Ni and Pt compounds). Very recently, Ribera et al. (307) published an excellent and detailed report on this family of compounds. 

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