Knowledge creation process

In the sections that follow types of PK/PD knowledge creation, general steps in the knowledge creation process, data supplementation and the motivation for it, data supplementation procedure, nonparametric approximate Bayesian data supplementation method, structure-based multiple supplementation with a motivating example, and implications of the use of multiple data supplementation for the characterization of an unexplored region of the response are described. The emphasis in this chapter is on the use of data supplementation to characterize unexplored region of the response surface. A discussion on data synthesis, the qualitative characterization of the response surface, and the estimation of inestimable uncertainty has been elegantly presented by Williams et al. (1) and Ette and Onyiah (5). Therefore, these approaches are discussed in brief in the sections that follow. 

PK/PD knowledge creation from a clinical trial data set is a process that can be formalized into a number of steps. In this section we provide a general framework for the steps needed to be taken in the PK/PD knowledge creation process. These steps could vary depending on the type of knowledge creation approach involved. Subsequently, data supplementation—the PK/PD knowledge creation approach of focus in this chapter—is discussed. 

Briefly, the steps in the PK/PD knowledge creation process are as follows ... 

First, all actors involved in the OD-process participate in the same collective learning process. This is because knowledge creation in OD-work is fundamentally viewed as a process in which all participants learn together. Second, the outsider, that is the professional action researcher, is an external both as an integrated and independent actor in the process. Third, knowledge creation processes are linked to concrete actions for solving the actual issues perceived as central for the organization. 

Although both of the previous perspectives may include certain innovative elements, neither of them focuses on the creation and development of knowledge. Therefore, Hakkarainen et al. (2004) introduce the perspective of knowledge creation. Its aim is both to create new knowledge and to develop corresponding social practices. In this process, the existing knowledge is essentially enriched or shaped (as summarised in Table 17.2). 

Learning = regulation x cooperation Knowledge = information x processing Knowledge creation = knowledge acquisition x participation Pyburn et al. (see Chapter 14) Sriskandarajah et al. (see Chapter 16) Seppanen and Francis (see Chapter 17)... 

Diamonds can be bought in advance of death, to secure today s prices. Each corpse can yield more than 100 diamonds. Each individual is a rich mine for those who own the the most advanced technology and knowledge in the diamond creation industry . What is compressed into a jewel is seemingly more real, more essential than any other thing. The proprietary LifeGem creation process creates diamonds from the true essence of our loved ones, the carbon. 2... 

Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) knowledge creation is the process of building on current understanding of data that is already acquired by generating more data (information) that can be translated into knowledge. It entails the use of (valid) models to synthesize data, estimate inestimable uncertainty, or supplement data for further knowledge acquisition (1, 2). 

Dissemination is sometimes criticised for being based on an umealistic and ineffective linear notion of knowledge creation, diffusion and uptake (Scott et al., 2005). As policy processes and networks become more diffuse, open and consultative, there are more opportunities for researchers to make contributions - but this requires dissemination. The accessibility of scientific knowledge can be enhanced through various types of meeting and publication/web site, and the careful use of mass media. Translators of science - as well as scientists themselves - can play significant roles. 

R. Stacey, Complex Responsive Processes in Organizations Learning and Knowledge Creation, Routledge, 2001... 

Knowledge creation and synthesis learning outcomes, while more difficult to measure, can be assessed with some of the same methods as skills and processes. Examples include... 

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