Knockouts validation

Other knockout models that could be used to validate candidate genes include mice that lack monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), which have demonstrated altered behavior and alcohol tolerance [54]. Transgenic mice in which the dopamine transporter gene has been deleted show striking hyperactivity via enhanced persistence of dopamine which is not altered by cocaine or amphetamine administration [55]. Knockouts of the serotonin IB receptor are also available and are best used as models of vulnerability to drug abuse [56]. 

Source Harris S. Transgenic knockouts as part of high-throughput, evidence-based target selection and validation strategies, Drug Discovery Today 16 628-636 (2001). 

Target Validation by Gene Knockdown or Knockout in GEMMs... 

These problems were circumvented in most of the studies on knockout and drug-treated mice described above, as well as several on rats and other animal models, by using the alternative method(s) for measuring cholesterol absorption described in detail in this chapter. This method was first pioneered and validated by Quintao et al. (33) and remains widely used today because it is simple, accurate, noninvasive, reproducible, inexpensive, and does not require sophisticated equipment or specialized technical or surgical skills. 

Fagerholm V, Philipp M, Hein L, Scheinin M (2004) [Ethyl-3H]RS-79948-197 a2-adrenoceptor autoradiography validation in (X2-adrenoceptor knockout mice. Eur J Pharmacol 497 301-9 Fairbanks CA, Wilcox GL (1999) Spinal antinociceptive synergism between morphine and cloni-dine persists in mice made acutely or chronically tolerant to morphine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther... 

The author states that this equation is valid for the design of knockout drums which can separate liquid droplets of 400 pm and larger. 

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