Kink splitting

Example 3. An example of mechanism competition is the failure of composite plies (Whiteside et al. 2012). There are three failure mechanisms for the composite ply and each of them results in a specific failure mode. The mechanisms include fiber tensile (/ ), matrix failure (/ ) and fiber kinking/splitting fktnkispin) models describing... 

The ground state tunneling splitting for two symmetrically placed diabatic terms can be found in the same manner, as described in sections 2.4 and 4.2. Since the kink trajectory crosses the barrier once, we shall obtain... 

The possible fatigue failure mechanisms of SWCNT in the composite were also reported (Ren et al., 2004). Possible failure modes mainly include three stages, that is, splitting of SWCNT bundles, kink formation, and subsequent failure in SWCNTs, and the fracture of SWCNT bundles. As shown in Fig. 9.12, for zigzag SWCNT, failure of defect-free tube and tubes with Stone-Wales defect of either A or B mode all resulted in brittle-like, flat fracture surface. A kinetic model for time-dependent fracture of CNTs is also reported (Satapathy et al., 2005). These simulation results are almost consistent with the observed fracture surfaces, which can be reproduced reasonably well, suggesting the possible mechanism should exist in CNT-polymer composites. 

The modulus function in equation (2.7) is an example of a function displaying a kink at the origin. In this case it is necessary to split the domain into two subintervals, in each of which the formula takes a different form. Further examples of this type of behaviour are described in Chapter 3. 

The time-resolved spectra from the run of C16 exposed to C12E04 (Figure 3) are quite different from those of the surfactant - free water run. The relative intensity of the end gauche and double gauche defect bands is increased, and the kink defect band bear 1300 cm 1 may be split into a multiplet. In addition, several bands between 1260 and 1200 cm 1 are enhanced, relative to the spectrum of the... 

H-terminated kink site atom on a (111) surface that reacts with water (see Figure 2.42). Models vary depending on whether a Si-H bond on the kink site atom is first attacked or whether solvolytic splitting of a backbonds initiates the dissolution reaction. Figures 2.42 and 2.43 show this situation including the initial attack for... 

Figure 2.98 Schematic for oxide formation via a kink site (surface state) at which a hole from the Pt levels is injected further oxidation of the radical results in OH termination, which is followed by solvolytic backbond splitting in the subsequent...

The first equation describes the reproduction of the kink site position in the process of separation of an atom from the kink site position and formation of an ad-atom. The second step represents desorption of the ad-atom. The charge transfer is split. Following the description of partial charge transfer in Section 4.3 with the introduction of a partial charge transfer coefficient A the charge transfer in the first step is = Xz, and the charge transfer in the second step Az j = (1 — A )z. The intermediate ad-atom can be a lower valent oxidation state stabilized as an anion complex. 

Ifc-I-dtricomplex system would split up into a unicomplex 4- a dicomplex system. In this pne should bear in mind that the schematic pictures have only formal significance and merely depict the complex relations between four charges while in reality these patterns ought to be applied to the actually existing charge distribution in these systems, for example, to a linear arrangement along the kinked macromolecule distributed in space. 

Deformation band studies of axially compressed PpPTA filaments revealed two distinct types of kink bands. In filaments that show tangentially splitting bands at an angle of about 55° are observed, whereas in radially split fibers the kink bands are oriented perpendicular to the fiber axis. Hydrogen-bonded planes acting as slip planes and intermicrofibril slip play an important role in the deformation process during axial compression [215]. 

Fi. 10. (a.b) Polye.sler fibres after a single bend, (c-e) Flex fatigue in polyester kink-band fracture, (f) Flex fatigue shear splitting in nylon, (g) Flex fatigue shear splitting in polyester. For further explanation. 

Fig. 7. Complex forms resulting from snap-buck after break, (a) General view of splitting with helical buckling, (b) Detail of break zone, (c) Kink-bands due to axial compression on recoil.

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