Energetic excitation

Extra energy can be added to atoms, molecules, and ions, causing them to become energetically excited. For atoms, molecules, and ions, the extra energy can make them move faster (an increase in kinetic or translational energy). 

FIGURE 16.33 In a ligand-to-metal charge-transfer transition, an energetically excited electron migrates from a ligand to the central metal ion. This type of transition is responsible for the intense purple of the permanganate ion, MnCF,. ... 

An energetically excited state of a nucleus is usually denoted by an asterisk ("). 

The upper state can also be formed in energetically excited ro-vibrational states. Most photoelectron experiments do not have enough resolution to observe rotational levels, except in rare cases, but vibrational resolution is commonly achieved. Therefore, it is possible to carry out limited vibrational spectroscopy of cations and reactive neutral molecules using this approach. 

Absorption of light to produce an energetically excited atom ... 

A metastable state in physics and chemistry is an energetically excited state in which an electron resides for an unusually long time. A metastable state, therefore, acts as a kind of temporary energy trap. ... 

In figure 3 the dependence h(Df) is adduced, from which follows the expected result a polymer structure energetic excitation degree raising, due to thermal energy pumping at 7) increase, results to h reduction. At /)/ 6,3 the reactive medium becomes homogeneous (/ =()). 

Figure 1. Diagrammatic representation of the electronic transitions taking place within a molecule after photon absorption (indicated here as a boldface upwardly pointed arrow). Excitation is followed by conversion to a less energetic excited state from which emission takes place.

The luminescence of Yb " in the near UV and visible is due to 4/ -4/ 5d transitions. The energy level scheme of the Af Sd configuration of Yb in crystals is complicated due to the simultaneous action of the crystal field and spin-orbit coupling on the free ion states. The lowest energetic excited states, arising from the free ion level, have and Eu symmetry. About 2,000-3,000 above these levels there are levels from the state. Only transitions between the ground state ( Ai ) and states with Ti symmetry are symmetry allowed. 

When a molecule absorbs a photon, the molecule is promoted to a more energetic excited state (Figure 18-3). Conversely, when a molecule emits a photon, the energy of the molecule falls by an amount equal to the energy of the photon. 

Alternative symbols are given for the particles often it is sufficient to use the simplest (the one on the right). An energetically excited state of a nucleus is usually denoted by an asterisk. 

FIGURE 5.6 (a) The visible line spectrum of energetically excited sodium atoms consists of a closely spaced pair of yellow lines, (b) The visible line spectrum of excited hydrogen atoms consists of four lines, from indigo at 410 nm to red at 656 nm. 

The asterisk on 03 indicates that the ozone molecule is in an energetically excited state because it has previously absorbed ultraviolet light from the sun. The absorbed energy causes one of the two 0-0 bonds to break, with the loss of an oxygen atom. 

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