Containing Ionic Species

T0040 Andco Environmental Processes, Inc., Electrochemical Iron Generation T0050 Aquathermolysis—General 

T0148 CBA Environmental Services, Inc., Mobile Injection Treatment Unit (MITU) 

T0160 Chemfix Technologies, Inc., Chemfix Solidification/Stabilization Technology T0192 CURE International, Inc., CURE Electrocoagulation Wastewater Treatment System 

T0297 EPOC Water, Inc., Microfiltration Technology (EXXFLOW and EXXPRESS) T0404 In Situ Grouting—General 

T0471 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Carbon Aerogel Capacitive Deionization of Water 

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There are a number of industrially important reactions where two liquid phases are involved and the aqueous phase contains ionic species. Here the rate may be severely limited due to low solubiblity of the reactant, located in the organic phase, in water. We would benefit from using a pha.se-transfer (PT) catalyst, which ferries the ionic species into the organic phase thus overcoming a severe limitation. Such PT catalysts are typically quaternary ammonium compounds like tetrabutylammonium halides, trioctylmethylammonium chloride, etc. (see also Section 3.8). 

Chromium-Containing Ionic Species Chromate Ion, Hexavalent Chromium Cobalt Copper Cyclic Ethers Cyclic Ethers Dioxane-1,4 Ethylene Oxide... 

Electrochemical processes in plasmas have recently attracted renewed attention [97]. Plasmas contain ionic species in a... 

In alloy deposition, the possibility of formation of mixed-metal complexes containing ionic species of both metals and a... 

A liquid electrolyte contains ionic species which can migrate through solution and conduct electrical current. Polymers have been developed which have this same ability allowing them to be used as the electrolyte in the development of all-solid-state electrochemical sensors. 

We define a co-crystal as a crystal that contains two or more different molecular species. We focus here on those crystals involving neutral organic molecules connected by hydrogen bonds. Thus, we exclude clathrates and complexes containing ionic species, such as those studied by Olovsson and his coworkers [12]. 

In the practical implementation of the EFISH experiment, the static electric field is usually applied in the form of a voltage pulse that precedes the laser pulse sufficiently to allow the dipoles to orient. The use of pulses instead of a constant electric field helps to avoid electric breakdown and electrolysis of the solution in an EFISH cell. Even so, highly conducting solutions such as those containing ionic species cannot be measured by this technique. 

The reactions described in Eqs. 7 thru 9 are typical of those involved in the deposition of an elemental semiconductor such as silicon or germanium. The situation is somewhat more complicated for the formation of a compound semiconductor such as GaAs or CdTe. In this case, two materials must be codeposited at the cathode, and one of the species, the non-metal (As or Te above), is normally considered an anion. This component of the semiconductor must be introduced into the solution in a form such that it can be reduced at the cathode. This is usually accomplished by using a starting compound that incorporates the desired non-metal as part of an oxygen-containing ionic species (AsO or TeO for example). In general terms, the reactions involved in this deposition would be ... 

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