Kilometer

Besides, for there is living time limitation for ropes being in use. A work fulfilled by a rope and performed in tone-kilometers may be used as a limit too. ... 

Propellants and explosives are chemical compounds or mixtures that rapidly produce large volumes of hot gases when properly initiated. Propellants bum at relatively low rates measured in centimeters per second explosives detonate at rates of kilometers per second. Pyrotechnic materials evolve large amounts of heat but much less gas than propellants and explosives (see Pyrotechnics). 

The market for optical fiber worldwide in 1992 was 2.8 billion corresponding to 10 million fiber kilometers (Mfk) (38). This can be broken down into the U.S. market (3.7 Mfk), the rest of North America (0.4 Mfk), northern Europe (4.1 Mfk), eastern Europe (2.6 Mfk), the Pacific Rim (2.8 Mfk), and elsewhere (0.3 Mfk). Most of the optical fiber is manufactured by only a few companies, the largest of which are AT T and Coming. Other producers include Alcatel, Eujikura, Eurakawa, Northern Telecom, Pirelli, and Sumitomo. The market for optical fibers is projected to reach 3.5 biUion by 1998. In addition, according to ElectroniCast (San Mateo, Ca.), the total market for passive optical components, optical electronics, connectors, and fiber-optic cable is predicted to increase from 1.76 billion (U.S.) in 1992 to over 4 billion in 1997, and 10 billion by 2002. 

A tow product described as 0.9 tex, 5000 total tex, may therefore be interpreted as an uncrimped tow band that weighs 5000 g for each kilometer of length and that is composed of 5555 individual filaments (5000/0.9) each weighing 0.9 g for each kilometer of length. 

Commercially pure (< 99.997%) helium is shipped directiy from helium-purification plants located near the natural-gas supply to bulk users and secondary distribution points throughout the world. Commercially pure argon is produced at many large air-separation plants and is transported to bulk users up to several hundred kilometers away by tmck, by railcar, and occasionally by dedicated gas pipeline (see Pipelines). Normally, only cmde grades of neon, krypton, and xenon are produced at air-separation plants. These are shipped to a central purification faciUty from which the pure materials, as well as smaller quantities and special grades of helium and argon, are then distributed. Radon is not distributed commercially. 

Transportation. For short distances from the mine, transportation (qv) is by tmck or conveyor belt. Rail transportation is generally used for greater distances. Slurry pipelines (qv) ate being considered as an alternative. Rail transport over hundreds of kilometers results in loss of surface material in uncovered cats and a tendency to overheat in bottom-dumping tail cats owing to air infiltration around the cracks (31). Proper sealing and covets permit shipping over hundreds of kilometers. 

In contrast to predictions of eventual exhaustion of high grade domestic ores of many common metals, seawater is a virtually unlimited source of magnesium. It has been estimated that 1.306 x 10 metric tons of magnesium are present in each cubic kilometer (2.6 x 10 gal) of seawater and there is an estimated 1.3 x 10 km (3.4 x 10 ° gal) of seawater on earth (3). 

HoUow fibers are usuaUy on the order of 25 p.m to 2 mm in diameter. They can be made with a homogeneous dense stmcture, or preferably with a microporous stmcture having a dense permselective layer on the outside or inside surface. The dense surface layer can be integral, or separately coated onto a support fiber. The fibers are packed into bundles and potted into tubes to form a membrane module. More than a kilometer of fibers may be requited to... 

Tuff, a compressed volcanic material, is the primary constituent of Yucca Mountain, near Las Vegas, Nevada, the site selected by Congress in 1987 for assessment for spent fuel disposal. An underground laboratory, to consist of many kilometers of tunnels and test rooms, is to be cut into the mountain with special boring equipment to determine if the site is suitable for a repository. 

Oxygea is a commodity sold either as a gas uader pressure or a very low temperature Hquid close to its boiling poiat. Because of the expease of the coataiaers required, it caimot be stored ia more than modest amounts nor can it be shipped profitably more than a few hundred kilometers. Liquid oxygen storage faciHties are limited to volumes on the order of 4000 m. ... 

Ammonia is usually transported for long distances by barge, pipeline, and rail, and for short distances by tmck Eactors that govern the type of carrier used in anhydrous ammonia transportation systems are distance, location of plant site in relation to consuming area, availabihty of transportation equipment, and relative cost of available carriers. Typical costs (83) of pipeline, barge, and rail modes for long distance transport are 0.0153, 0.0161, and 0.0215 per ton per kilometer, respectively, for distances of about 1600 km. Short distance tmck transportation costs (83) are much higher. Costs are typically 0.0365/(t km) for distances on the order of 160 km. 

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