Killing of bacteria

Serum bactericidal titer The lowest titer of serum and antibiotic obtained from the patient, usually at the peak or trough of antibiotic administration, that results in a 99.9% kill of bacteria. 

Products are required to provide a total kill of bacteria and viruses during 15 minutes contact with the sanitiser. This challenge might seem relatively straightforward, however, when you take into account that this performance requirement is needed up to 24 hours (the maximum time between discharge), the formulators options become quickly exhausted. 

Other applications dealt with the development of a luciferin ester substrate to measure the luciferase activity in living cells [141], the detection of toxic compounds such as sodium azide, fluoroacetic acid, and antibiotics [142], the development of a biosensor for the determination of bioavailable mercury [143], the use of eukaryotic luciferases as bacterial markers with different colors of luminescence [144], the determination of complement-mediated killing of bacteria [145], and the development of a bioassay for the determination of HIV type 1 virus and HIV-1 Tat protein activity, valuable also for analysis of HlV-inhibi-tory agents [146],... 

Table 17.4 Summary of processes involved in inactivation of toxins, killing of bacteria and viruses...

Sale, A.J., Hamilton, W.A. (1967). Effects of high electric fields on micro-organisms. 1. Killing of bacteria and yeasts. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 163, 37-43. 

Among the questions which remain unanswered in this illness is the function of O2". The defect in killing of bacteria appears correctable with a means of supplying H2O2 to the interior of the phagosome. The bacterium may do so if it lacks catalase and consequently excretes H2O2 Another particle such as a latex bead to which an enzymic source of H2O2 is attached will also suffice. In either of... 

Deduct the CFU/ml and use the control to calculate the percent kill of bacteria. 

Leukotriene B4 receptor Leukotriene B4 Neutrophils promote intracellular killing of bacteria... 

Electroporation-based sterilization of drinking water, wastewater, and seawater has been considered an attractive technology option. An industrial-scale system that utilizes PEE (pulsed electric field) technology results in killing of bacteria in water purification applications surmounting the consumer concern for harmful effects of heat or chemical methods of sterilization. 

Table III. Average Yearly Kill of Bacteria (90% of Tests)...

Plaque Clear spots in a bacterial lawn caused by phage killing of bacteria as the bacterial lawn is forming. 

The pentose phosphate pathway is crucial to the survival of erythrocytes because of its ability to provide NADPH for reduction of toxic, spontaneously produced oxidants. In phagocytic cells, the pentose phosphate pathway generates oxidizing agents that participate in the killing of bacteria and abnormal cells engulfed by the phagocytes. 

D-Amino acid oxidase occurs in peroxisomes containing other enzymes that produce H2O2 (e.g., L-a-hydroxy acid oxidase, citrate dehydrogenase, and L-amino acid oxidase) and catalase and peroxidase, which destroy H2O2. In leukocytes, killing of bacteria involves hydrolases of lysosomes and production of H2O2 by NADPH oxidase (Chapter 15). Conversion of D-amino acids to the corresponding a-keto acids removes the asymmetry at the a-carbon atom. The keto acids may be aminated to L-amino acids. By this conversion from D- to L-amino acids, the body utilizes D-amino acids derived from the diet ... 

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