Killing agent

Butacetin is an analgesic (pain-killing) agent that is synthesized commercially from p-fluoronitrobenzene. Propose a synthesis. 

A closely related method was used by Jaacks and his collaborators [22] to determine the concentration of tertiary oxonium ions (IV) in the polymerisation of dioxolan. They did this by killing the reaction with EtONa, hydrolysing the polymer and determining the EtOH derived from the killing agent by gas-chromatography ... 

Fig. 3.19. Vacuum viscometer design. A solvent reservoir, B hanging burette, C site for freeze seal, F killing agent in break-seal phial, G stainless steel ball bearing in appendix, H coarse frit to retain glass fragments, J phial breaker, K stirrer, P initiator phial.

The effect of dilution on reaction rate can be studied by distilling more solvent into E. The reaction can be stopped by breaking the seal of Fwith G and cooling E to distil the killing agent into the reaction mixture. 

Since t-butanol is used as a killing agent, it is believed that some living ends become attached to the - ( ) functional groups, which explains the singlet at 1.3 ppm. 

For drugs whose killing action is time-dependent, bactericidal activity continues as long as serum concentrations are greater than the MBC. Drug concentrations of time-dependent killing agents that lack a postantibiotic effect should be maintained above the MIC for the entire interval between doses. 

Morphine, a pain-killing agent found in the opium poppy, was named after Morpheus, the Greek god of dreams. 

These reactions are particularly useful if a polymer with two (or more) living ends is formed, since a bifunctional (or polyfunctional) polymer formed may be then used to synthesize block polymers via condensation reactions. Interesting examples of such materials have been obtained and the usefulness of this technique is amplified by the fact that each block can be made uniform in size. Of course, living polymers endowed with two active ends can be used directly in such a condensation reaction, if a bifunctional killing agent is added. Examples of such reactions are given in a Thesis by Waack (41) and in a recent publication by Rempp and Stockmayer (42). 

The conditional killing agents may be monomers in their own right. For example, ethylene oxide added to living polystyrene terminates the polymerization of styrene. It is, therefore, a terminator in respect to styrene and, since it will not initiate polymerization of ethylene oxide at 0° C, or at lower temperatures, it is a terminator for polymerization under these conditions. However, if more ethylene oxide is added and the... 

Before dyeing with oxidation dyes, the furs are treated with the appropriate killing agents and then mordanted with metal salts. Iron, chromium, and copper salts, alone or in combination, are used for mordanting, and the uptake process requires several hours. Adjustment of the pH is effected with formic, acetic, or tartaric acid. The final dyeing process is carried out in paddles with the precursors and hydrogen peroxide until the actual dye lake is developed and adsorbed within the hair fiber. It takes quite a few hours at room temperature until the dyeing process is finished. 

A killing agent (4) is added to the concentrated polymer solution which is pumped to the second flashing through a solution heater. No catalyst removal step is necessary. 

Large, controlled randomized clinical trials are needed to establish the efficacy of continuous infusion in patients nevertheless, these data perhaps provide insight into the observations made in small clinical studies where a sacrifice of efficacy is not readily apparent with use of continuous infusion. In addition to the need for more efficacy data, other concerns that prevent the general adoption of continuous infusion as standard of care include the requirement for dedication of venous access solely for AmB administration due to it incompatibility with other agents and the general belief that AmB is a concentration dependent killing agent. 

Not everyone agreed. Thomas De Quincey, author of Confessions of an Opium Eater, rejected cannabis as the sorrow-killing agent mentioned by Homer preferring his own favorite, opium, which he regarded as a "panacea, a pharmakon nepenthes" for all woes. 

Pyrethrins, extracted from the pyre thru in flower (Chrystinrhemum cinerariae-folium), are good knockdown and kill agents against a variety of insects. Supply has been traditionally rather erraiic because of climatic conditions and competition crops. Pyrethmm extract is also relatively expensive, and so searches for alternatives or diluents have been necessary. 

HCN is released from amygdalin. HCN is a potent cytotoxic (cell-killing) agent, particularly toxic to nerve cells. 

Mustard gas was never intended as a killing agent but rather as a disorienting and debilitating agent. Its low volatility (unlike the other poison gases... 

Ironically, although they can destroy plants in a few hours, paraquat and diquat are not quick-acting mammalian poisons and can take several days or even weeks to kill a human. However, the use of a substance for murder or suicide tends to depend more on its availability than to its speed as a killing agent. Hence, both paraquat and diquat have been widely used by those with suicidal intent. The lingering, unpleasant nature of the death inflicted by these chemicals also makes them attractive options for those whose culture makes a "macho" form of suicide more socially acceptable. In addition, without proper laboratory tests, the s)unptoms of... 

Lethal gases—pesticides, prussic acid, and cyanide, as well as carbon monoxide—were used as killing agents in gas chambers in the Nazi death camps.57 This is obviously not a military use of the chemical weapon. 

Products and Uses A common preservative in cosmetics, facial moisturizers, lipstick, eye shadow, mascara, and others. It is an antimicrobial (germ killing) agent to prevent bacterial growth in makeup products. 

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