Generalized beliefs

Stereot)yies are oversimplified, rigid, and generalized beliefs about groups of people, in which all individuals from the same group are regarded as having the same set of leading characteristics. 

When the half-life time of reaction and the half-life time of micromixing in the absence of chemical reaction are of the same order or the former is less than the latter, the role of micromixing may become crucial. For instance, nitration or bromination of resorcinol, even when the ratio of moles of resorcinol to moles of bromine is high, can lead to predominantly disubstituted product contrary to the general belief. In such cases, in many respects, the theory of coupling between reaction and micromixing has parallels with the formalism of theory of mass transfer with chemical reaction (Bourne, 1983). 

Although the routine use of placebo-controlled trials in medicine is relatively new, the logic behind it is not. Ted Kaptchuk at Harvard University has traced the use of placebo controls, although without the term placebo , to rites of exorcism in the 16th century.6 The general belief was that demons could not... 

Probably the earliest quantitative experiments on what are now known as cationic polymerisations were made by Gwyn Williams (1938) with styrene and stannic chloride, and by the early 1940s the general belief had become established that in reactions initiated by metal halides the active species is a cation. It appears that Evans and Meadows [3] were the first to state specifically that in hydrocarbon solvents the propagating cations must be paired with the anions and Plesch [4] made the first attempt at calculating the dissociation constant, KD, for an ion-pair comprising a growing cation in a hydrocarbon solvent ... 

Despite a general belief that pneumoconiosis in this industry in the US ceased to be a problem after World War II, five workers... 

Since 0 depends on the estimate for A, it is a usefiil parameter to compare the quality of the hydrocarbonaceous surfaces only if consistent A values are used. According to the general belief the value of should closely approach unity for stationary phases in RPC. 

This is not due, however, to the orthogonality constraint between 4 f and 5 f orbitals, contrary to a general belief (private communication from J. P. Desclaux)... 

It was (and perhaps is) a general belief in the literature that perfect voltammo-grams reflecting H adsorption on the catalytic electrodes can be obtained in HCIO4 solution. 

Double immunofluorescence labeling in conjunction with microwave heating can be used to visualize two markers at the same cellular location in routine formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue sections (Mason et al 2000). The primary antibodies are either monoclonal antibodies of differing isotype/subclass or antibodies from different species. Labeling is visualized on a conventional fluorescence microscope equipped with a cooled analog monochrome CCD camera (Model C 5985, Hamamatsu Photonics, Billerica, MA) and recorded using off the shelf personal computer hardware and software. Contrary to general belief, paraffin-embedded tissue sections do not show excessive nonspecific fluorescence. 

While there is a general belief that dextromethorphan is not addictive, there is an increasing amount of information that suggests otherwise. The fact that many abusers repeatedly abuse the drug makes it a strong possibility that dextromethorphan is an addictive drug. 

These observations later stimulated the general belief that prevailed through the earlier decades of the 19th century—namely, that humus is the only or the major soil product supplying nutrients to plants. The direct utilization of humus by plants was fully developed by Thaer (1808,1846), who stated that humus comprises a more or less considerable portion of soil fertility of the soil depends largely upon it since, besides water, humus is the only material that supplies nutrients to plants. This concept was referred to as the humus theory. 

Complicating the situation is the general belief shared by the public, media, and political parties (though never fully proven) that many Americans are forced to make choices between needed drugs and other life necessities, sug-... 

Swelling Clavs. The first layers of water within the interlayer space are very acidic. The general belief is that the water molecules in the hydration shell of exchangeable cations are submitted to a strong polarizing field due to the small radius of curvature of the cation, as compared with the quasi infinite radius of curvature of the "anionic" sheet (15). 

The general belief has been that, once a conjugate is... 

Prior to the OPEC embargo, the general belief was that the market price of crude oil would have to about double to make coal liquefaction competitive in the United States. Five years later now, the average market price of crude oil in the United States has about tripled, but the general belief still is that the market price of crude oil must about double if coal liquefaction is to become competitive.11... 

There is a general belief that peptides are not thermodynamically stable [99], but the formation of an internal bond in a peptide chain actually corresponds to a process that is not far from equilibrium (Kpep 0.1 M-1) and enzymatic peptide synthesis can yield peptides in satisfactory yield provided that the product is removed from the solution by precipitation or other systems of phase partition [100,101]. 

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