Kidneys nephrons

The Summary Drug Table Diuretics lists examples of die different types of diuretic drugp. Most diuretics act on die tubules of die kidney nephron (Pig. 46-1), the functional unit of the kidney. Each kidney contains about one million nephrons, which filter die bloodstream to remove waste products. During diis process,... 

Monteagudo FSE, Isaacson LC, Wilson G, et al. 1988. Aluminum excretion by the distal tubule of the pig kidney. Nephron 49 245-250. 

The basic functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, of which there are more than a million within the cortex and medulla of each normal adult human kidney. Nephrons regulate water and soluble matter (especially electrolytes) in the body by first filtering the blood under pressure, and then reabsorbing some necessary fluid and molecules back into the blood while secreting other, unneeded molecules. Reabsorption and secretion are accomplished with both cotransport and countertransport mechanisms established in the nephrons and associated collecting ducts. 

Sundberg AG, Appelkvist EL, Backman L, Dallner G. Urinary pi-class glutathione transferase as an indicator of tubular damage in the human kidney. Nephron 1994 67 308-316. 

McAuliffe WG, Olesen OV. Effects of lithium on the structure ofthe rat kidney. Nephron 1983 34 114-124. 

Each kidney also contains over one million nephrons, which are the functional units of the kidney. Nephrons originate in the cortex where an afferent arteriole forms a specialized capillary bed known as the glomerulus (Figure 1). Some nephrons originate near the surface of the kidney and are called superficial nephrons, while other nephrons originate near the cortical-medullary region and are called juxtamedullary nephrons. 

Uraemic coma is a condition produced when excessive by-products of protein metabolism (e.g. urea) are accumulated in the blood. It occurs when the kidney nephron function is inadequate at coping with excretion of urea and related compounds. It has been proposed by Sen [1839-1841 ] that the underlying cause for uraemic coma is the generation of... 

Most of the constituents of normal urine are probably filtered into the kidney nephrons through the glomerulus,11 selective tubular... 

Figure 8.5 The functional unit of the kidney, nephron. The structure of a typical nephron is illustrated.

Figure 4.1 The structure of the kidney nephron, where drugs are removed from the blood. From, Smith HW (1951), "The Functional Nephron," Plate I (opp. p. 8), in The Kidney Structure and Function in Health and Disease, Oxford University Press. Used with permission.

Bauchet A.-L., Masson R., Guffroy M., and Slaoui M. Immuno-histochemical identification of kidney nephron segments in the dog, rat, mouse, and cynomolgus monkey. Toxicologic Pathology, 39 1115-1128 (2011). 

The action of uranium on the proximal tubular ceils of the kidney nephron is an example of toxicity caused by selective accumulation of a metal. 

Kikuchi, Y., Ikee, R., Hemmi, N., Hyodo, N., Saigusa, T., Namikoshi, T., Yamada, M., Suzuki, S., and Miura, S. (2004). Fractalkine and its receptor, CX3CR1, upregulation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic kidneys. Nephron Exp. Nephrol. 97, el7-e25. 

Kirschbaum, B. B., and Bosmann, H. B., 1973, Renal membrane biosynthesis and degradation. II. Localization and characterization of neuraminidase activity in rat kidney. Nephron 11 26-39. 

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