Kidney podocytes

Song B et al (2012) The directed differentiation of human iPS cells into kidney podocytes. PLoS One 7(9) e46453... 

Zappa F, Ward T, Pedrinis E, et al. NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 expression in kidney podocytes. J Histochem Cytochem 2003 51 297-302. 

WT1 is present in the metanephric mesenchyme before induction and is upregulated during induction. Blocking induction stops the production of WT1. WT1 is expressed at high levels during the condensation of the mesenchyme and its transition to epithelium. Its expression diminishes thereafter, except in the podocyte layer of Bowman s capsule. WT1 knockout mice do not develop kidneys. The metanephric mesenchyme from these mice cannot be induced by wild-type inducers. 

G8. Greiber, S., Munzel, T., Kastner, S., Muller, B., Schollmeyer, P., and Pavenstadt, H., NAD(P)H oxidase activity in cultured human podocytes Effects of adenosine triphosphate. Kidney Int. 53, 654-663 (1998). 

N2. Nitschke, R., Henger, A., Ricken, S., Gloy, J., Muller, V., Greger, R., and Pavenstadt, H., Angiotensin II increases the intracellular calcium activity in podocytes of the intact glomerulus. Kidney Int. 57, 41-49 (2000). 

Figure 2.16b shows the structure of the glomerular vessel wall. The interior is covered by endothelial cells with multiple holes ( fenestrations ). The podocytes (= foot cells ) form a likewise discontinuous outer layer. Between them is an acellular basal membrane, consisting of proteins and proteoglycans, which has the smallest pore diameter of all three and therefore, as in any the capillaries found elsewhere in the body, represents the effective filter layer. The filter has a cut-off size of very few nanometers, so that most protein molecules will be retained. Salt ions and small molecules - if they are not protein-bound - will be filtrated. The amount of filtrate produced is about 1501 per day in a healthy adult this corresponds to about 1/10 of the blood plasma volume that passes the kidneys. 

Shankland SJ.The podocyte s response to injury role in proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis. Kidney Int 2006 69 2131-2147. 

Shankland SJ, Pippin JW, Reiser J, and Mundel P. Podocytes in culture past, present, and future. Kidney Int 72 26-36,2007. 

Medications in this class include delavirdine, efa-virenz, and nevirapine. Similar to the NRTls, these agents bind to viral reverse transcriptase and block DNA polymerase activity. A key difference is that NNRTIs do not require intracellular phosphorylation and are not incorporated into viral DNA. Clinically significant kidney toxicities or specific fluid-electrolyte complications have not been reported with this class of agents. In the rat model, efavirenz was associated wifh a species specific dependent kidney toxicity which occurred secondary to the development of a unique glutathione conjugate produced as a metabolite of efavirenz associated with renal tubular epifhelial cell necrosis [125-126]. This toxicity has not been observed in humans. One patient was recently reported to have reversible nephrotic-range proteinuria attributed to efavirenz use, in which a kidney biopsy showed diffuse podocyte foot process effacement [127]. Another report noted the development of rhabdomyolysis and acute tubular necrosis as a result of a drug interaction between delavirdine and atorvastatin [128]. Kidney toxicity due to nevirapine has not been reported. 

BarrI YM, MunshI NC, Sukumalchantra S, AbulezzSR, Bonsib SM, Wallach J, Walker PD. Podocyte Injury associated glomerulopathies Induced by pamidronate. Kidney Int 2004 65 634-641. 

Johnson JE, White JJ, Walovitch RC, London ED. Effects of morphine on rat kidney glomerular podocytes. A scanning electron microscope study. Drug Alcohol Depend 1987 19 249-257. 

Grishman E, Churg J. Focal glomerular sclerosis In nephrotic patients. An electron microscope study of glomerular podocytes. Kidney Inti 975 7 111-122. 

Key words Kidney, Nephrotoxicity, RPTEC/TERT1, LLC-PK1, HK-2, MDCK, Proximal tubular cells, Glomerulus, Podocytes, Epithelial, Claudin, GST, Immortalization... 

Human podocytes cell lines have been developed by transfection of primary cells with SV40TAg or SV40tsA58 alone or in combination with hTERT [140-142], It has been shown that under non-permissive culture they reexpress podocyte markers such as podocin, nephrin, synaptopodin, and P-cadherin [142], The use of kidney progenitor cells and human induced pluripotent cells (iPSC) to produce podocyte-like cells has also been demonstrated and is discussed in more detail in Chap. 15. 

Holthofer H et al (1999) Nephrin localizes at the podocyte filtration slit area and is characteristically spliced in the human kidney. Am J Pathol 155(5) 1681-1687... 

Li C et al (2000) CD2AP is expressed with nephrin in developing podocytes and is found widely in mature kidney and elsewhere. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 279(4) F785-F792... 

Reivinen J, Holthofer H, Miettinen A (1992) A cell-type specific ganglioside of glomerular podocytes in rat kidney an O-acetylated GD3. Kidney Int 42(3) 624-631... 

Kretzler M et al (1998) Detection of multiple vascular endothelial growth factor splice iso-forms in single glomerular podocytes. Kidney Int Suppl 67 S159-S161... 

Durvasula RV et al (2004) Activation of a local tissue angiotensin system in podocytes by mechanical strain. Kidney Int 65(l) 30-39... 

Fuente Mora C et al (2012) Differentiation of podocyte and proximal tubule-like cells from a mouse kidney-derived stem cell line. Stem Cells Dev 21(2) 296-307... 

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