Kidney disease infections

In certain instances, fluids may merely shift from one compartment to another without net water loss or gain for the entire organism. This is usually secondary to a pathologic process, such as kidney disease, infection, or malnutrition. If there is an increase in the volume of the interstitial fluid, the condition is called edema. Edema may be present in peripheral tissues, in the lungs, or in other tissues, and because this water is otherwise unavailable to the organism, it must be replaced via dietary means. 

Adults and children 6 months of age and older who needed regular medical care or were in a hospital during the previous year because of a metabolic disease (such as diabetes), chronic kidney disease, or weakened immune system (including immune system problems caused by medicines or by infection with HIV/AIDS)... 

Risk factors for ARF include advanced age, acute infection, preexisting chronic respiratory or cardiovascular disease, dehydration, and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Decreased renal perfusion secondary to abdominal or coronary bypass surgery, acute blood loss in trauma, and uric acid nephropathy also increase risk. 

Prurims is also common in disease which is not primarily dermatological many endocrine diseases can produce pruritus cholestasis is another cause, like kidney- and blood-diseases. Infections and malignant tumours can also give rise to pruritus. 

Acute and chronic viral, bacterial, microbial and parasitic infections, skin disease, metabolic disorders, chronic liver disease and kidney disease. 

Despite its lack of specificity, Bik determination has been shown to correlate well (p < 0.01) with other indexes of inflammation, including C-reactive protein (CRP), WBC count, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) [4]. The urine strip is an alternative to a blood CRP measurement. The Bik test was more predictive of upper respiratory and urinary tract infections as well as kidney diseases. Furthermore, it was more sensitive to bacterial and viral infection vs CRP. Because plasma proteins, that is CRP, are not cleared and circulate until hepatic metabolism, urinary Bik appears to be a better predictor of an abnormal WBC, ESR, and neutrophil degranulation. 

Kidney disease Upper respiratory tract infection Urinary tract infections Amyloidosis Tubular disease Glomerulonephritis... 

Fig. 11. Cluster analysis used to assist in diagnosis of kidney diseases (adapted from Batchelor 418>). (A) acute nephritis, (B) nephrotic syndrome, (C) normal, (D) acute renal infection, (E) essential hypertension, and (F) chronic renal failure...

Those involved in individual health assessment are concerned with the early detection of specific organ kidney injury. With regard to acute kidney injury (AKI), biomarkers may serve several additional purposes. That is, they may determine AKI subtypes (prerenal, intrinisic renal, or postrenal), identify the etiology of AKI (ischemia, toxins, sepsis, or a combination), differentiate AKI from other forms of acute kidney disease (urinary tract infections, glomerulonephrihs, intershtial nephritis), predict the AKI severity (risk stratification for prognostication as well as guide to therapy), monitor the course of AKI, and monitor the response to AKI interventions. For chronic kidney disease (CKD), they provide both evidence and severity of exposure and may be used to assess response to removal of offend-... 

Lucas GM, Lau B, Atta MG, Fine DM, Keruly J, Moore RD. Chronic Kidney Disease Incidence, and Progression to End-Stage Renal Disease, in HIV-Infected Individuals ATale ofTwo Races. J Infect Dis. Apr 18 2008. 

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