Ketones or acetones

These substances all contain the group of atoms (CO) , and their constitution may be represented graphically thus  

by the action of O, which unites directly with an aldehyde to produce the corresponding acid, while it causes the disruption of the molecule of the ketone, with formation of two acids  

Simethyl ketone—Acetone—Acetyhnethylid—Pyroacetio ether or spfrff——58—is formed as one of the products of the 

It is a limpid, colorless liquid sp. gr. 0.7921 at 18° (C4°.4 F.) boils at 56° (133°.8 F.) soluble in H,0, alcohol, and ether hiis a peculiar, ethereal odor, and a burning taste is a good solvent of resins, fats, camphor, gun-cotton readily inflammable. It forms crystalline compounds with the alkaline bisulfltes. Cl and Br, in the presence of alkalies, convert it into chloroform or bromoform Cl alone produces with acetone a number of chlorinated products of substitution. Certain oxidizing agents transform it into a mixture of formic and acetic acids others into oxalic acid. 

Acetone has been found to exist in the blood and urine in certain pathological conditions, and notably in diabetes the peculiar odor exhaled by diabetics is produced by this substance. 

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Cunningham J, Sharkawi M, Plaa G Pharmacological and metabolic interactions between ethanol and methyl w-butyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, methyl ethyl ketone, or acetone in mice. Fundam Appl Toxicol 13 102-109, 1989... 

Ketones O II —C— O II R—C—R CH3COCH3 Propanone (dimethyl ketone or acetone)... 

A ketone methyl iso-butyl ketone or acetone. Being miscible, the latter may not be suitable if a medium of high water activity is required - this will end up as a high water content mixture that may dissolve and denature the enzyme. 

Aithough the aldehydes ore not acid in reaction, and are not usually regarexist substances known aa ketones or acetones, which may be regarded as formed by the substitution of an alcoholic radical for the H of Uie group COH. These subetaaoee all contain the group of atoms (CO)", and their constitution may be represented graphically thus ... 

Piperidones are important piperidine derivatives. Other methods are available for their synthesis, e.g. the Dieckmann cyclization of the diesters 1, the Thorpe-Ziegler cyclization of the dinitriles 2 and cyclization of dialkyl ketones or acetone dicarboxylic esters with aldehydes and primary amines in a Mannich reaction ... 

In 2008, Gruttadauria and coworkers synthesised prolinamide derivatives 54a and 54b, in which prolinamide units were anchored to a polystyrene support via thiol-ene coupling reactions. In the presence of these heterogeneous catalysts, cyclic ketones or acetone 8 reacted with atyl aldehydes 9 to afford corresponding chiral aldols 10 (Scheme 10.l). The best yields of 10 and stereoselectivity of the reactions (dr antilsyn) 96 4-98 2 and 89-99% ee) were attained in a 1 2 (v/v) water/chloroform solvent system, in which water pushed reagents to the concentrated organic phase where asymmetric reactions occurred, meanwhile chloroform ensured swelling of the polymer chain. However, the activity of catalysts 54a and 54b became... 

Cyclic ketones or acetone react with nitro-olefins, giving the corresponding -adducts hy action of the potassium salt of chiral p-chlorophenyl amino acid catalyst (18 examples, 40-99% anti syn 42 58-4 96 ee 61-95%). Malonates,2-nitroalkanes or p-ketoesters are useful Michael donors and can react with enones in the presence of lithium salts of primary amino acids to create a new carhon-carhon hond at the p-position of the ketone (Scheme 12.9). However in some cases p-amino acids were more efficient than the a-amino acids. ... 

The selective intermolecular addition of two different ketones or aldehydes can sometimes be achieved without protection of the enol, because different carbonyl compounds behave differently. For example, attempts to condense acetaldehyde with benzophenone fail. Only self-condensation of acetaldehyde is observed, because the carbonyl group of benzophenone is not sufficiently electrophilic. With acetone instead of benzophenone only fi-hydroxyketones are formed in good yield, if the aldehyde is slowly added to the basic ketone solution. Aldols are not produced. This result can be generalized in the following way aldehydes have more reactive carbonyl groups than ketones, but enolates from ketones have a more nucleophilic carbon atom than enolates from aldehydes (G. Wittig, 1968). 

Alkyl-2-arylthiazoles and 4,5-disubstituted-2-(p-aminophenyl thiazoles were simflarly prepared from arylamides and a-halomethyl-ketones in alcoholic (239, 392, 641, 792) or acetonic solution (638, 651). 

Ketones and esters are required for C-type inks. Types of esters are ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, normal propyl acetate, and butyl acetate. From the ketone class, acetone or methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) can be used. The usual solvent for D-type inks are mixtures of an alcohol, such as ethyl alcohol or isopropyl alcohol, with either aUphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons. Commonly used mixtures are 50/50 blends by volume of alcohol and aUphatic hydrocarbon. 

Because osmium tetroxide is expensive, and its vapors are toxic, alternate methods have been explored for effecting vic-glycol formation. In the aliphatic series, olefins can be hydroxylated with hydrogen peroxide with the use of only a catalytic amount of osmium tetroxide. Anhydrous conditions are not necessary 30% hydrogen peroxide in acetone or acetone-ether is satisfactory. The intermediate osmate ester is presumably cleaved by peroxide to the glycol with regeneration of osmium tetroxide. When this reaction was tried on a A -steroid, the product isolated was the 20-ketone ... 

Urine testing can play a role in identifying ketone excretion in patients prone to ketoacidosis. If urine testing is done, it is usually recommended tiiat the nurse use the second voided specimen (ie, fresh urine collected 30 minutes after the initial voiding) to check glucose or acetone levels, ratiier than die first specimen obtained. 

The Oppenauer oxidation makes use of ketones (typically acetone) or alkenes as hydrogen acceptors and this absence of a strong oxidising agent allows to overcome some potential NHC oxidative instability. Reactions consist of an equilibrium between an alcohol and its oxidised form (Scheme 10.9). 

Other ketones besides acetone can be used for in situ generation of dioxi-ranes by reaction with peroxysulfate or another suitable peroxide. More electrophilic ketones give more reactive dioxiranes. 3-Methyl-3-trifluoromethyldioxirane is a more reactive analog of DMDO.99 This reagent, which is generated in situ from 1,1,1-trifluoroacetone, can oxidize less reactive compounds such as methyl cinnamate. 

Titanium silicate molecular sieves not only catalyze the oxidation of C=C double bonds but can be successfully employed for the oxidative cleavage of carbon-nitrogen double bonds as well. Tosylhydrazones and imines are oxidized to their corresponding carbonyl compounds (243) (Scheme 19). Similarly, oximes can be cleaved to their corresponding carbonyl compounds (165). The conversion of cyclic dienes into hydroxyl ketones or lactones is a novel reaction reported by Kumar et al. (165) (Scheme 20). Thus, when cyclopentadienes, 1,3-cyclohexadiene, or furan is treated with aqueous H202 in acetone at reflux temperatures for 6 h in the presence of TS-1, the corresponding hydroxyl ketone or lactone is obtained in moderate to good yields (208). 

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