Aldehyde and Ketone Groups

The hydroxylamine reaction was used to estimate ketone and aldehyde groups. The method used was similar to one described by Kaverzneva and Salova (6). A 25-ml. solution of 5% aqueous hydroxylamine hydrochloride (previously adjusted to a pH 7.5-8 with sodium hydroxide) was added to 1.5 grams of sample and allowed to react for 18-24 hours at room temperature. The mixture was filtered, washed with water, and dried. The residue was analyzed for nitrogen, and the amount of aldehyde and ketone structure was calculated from the nitrogen increase. 

The oxygen of ketone and aldehyde groups is readily replaced by halogen under the influence of phosphorus trichloride or pentachloride the reaction may be carried out with or without a solvent solvents commonly employed are chloroform, benzene, petroleum ether, acetyl chloride and phosphorus oxychloride. 

Hence carbohydrates may be defined as polyalcohols of aldehydes and ketones. In large carbohydrate molecules, ketone and aldehyde groups are not directly seen, but when they are hydrolyzed, the aldehyde or ketone groups become apparent. 

Polymerization of Various Norbornene Derivatives. The polymerizability of norbornene derivatives substituted by nitrile, amide, imide, ester, pyridyl, acid anhydride, ketone and aldehyde groups were, examined by using the tungsten-based binary and ternary catalyst systems. The results are summarized in TABLE I. 

The structure of epoxidized oligomers depends on the microstructure of the initial products, on their degree of epoxidation, and on the working conditions employed. In terms of these factors, in the epoxidized polydienes besides oxiranic groups there have been identified unreacted double bonds, too, as well as other structural motifs like acyloxy, hydroxyl, ketonic, and aldehydic groups and etheric links. 

IR spectroscopic study of the thermal oxidation of PE under different temperature regimens established [22] that mainly ketone and aldehyde groups are formed in the oxidised PE. Ester and anhydride groups are not present in the polymer. 

Formation of these ketone and aldehyde groups was confirmed by IR and ESCA spectroscopy. Photooxidation of polynorbome is accompanied by chain scission and crosslinking reactions. In the solid state gel formation occurs up to the extent of 90%. 

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