3-ketoacids decarboxylation

If, instead of an ester, the Japp-Klingemann reaction is done with a salt of a [3-ketoacid, decarboxylation occurs and the eventual product is a 2-acyl-indole. 

In the first case, it is ejected by the 3-ketoacid decarboxylation of 414, whereas in the second example the hemiacetal 416c, derived from the cyclic ether 416a via the corresponding lactone 416b, is split in a radical reaction to provide iodide 418. Immediate dehalogenation of this unstable material with tributyl tinhydride leads to the tertiary alcohol 417 [140]. 

If the coupling is done on a -ketoacid, decarboxylation of the coupUng product occurs so that the final product is a 2-acyhndole (Scheme 59) <92SC42i>. 

Decarboxylation of /3-Ketoacids (Section 17.9A) S-Ketoacids decarboxyl-ate upon heating. The mechanism involves redistribution of electrons in a six-membered transition state to give COj and the enol of a ketone, which tautomerizes to give a ketone. The reaction is facilitated by a hydrogen bond between the carboxyl hydrogen atom and S-carbonyl oxygen. 

In addition to formation from a ketone, the hydra2ones can be obtained from dicarbonyl compounds by a Japp-Klingemann reaction. This is especially useful for P-ketoesters and P-ketoacids, which undergo either deacylation or decarboxylation. 

A number of factors complicate the aerobic metabolism of amino acids—different enzymes may be used even for the same amino acid the enzymes may be inducible or constitutive depending on their function a-ketoacids may be produced by deamination or amines by decarboxylation. 

C=0 can also act like N02, and the anions of / -ketoacids (46) are decarboxylated very readily ... 

The overall rate law is, however, found to contain a term involving [ketoacid] (47) as well as the term involving [ketoacid anion]. The ready decarboxylation of the (3-ketoacid itself is probably due to incipient proton transfer to 0=0 through hydrogen-bonding in (47) ... 

In the latter case, electron uptake occurs after decarboxylation of the ketoacid via Fe3+, which is able to take up electrons in strongly oxidized regions of the black-band iron sediments. Fe-ions act catalytically on the process of thioester formation, which can then occur without the help of enzymes. Thus, it was solar UV irradiation which carried the prebiotic thioesters across the energy threshold. 

The a-ketoacid-dependent enzymes are distinguished from other non-haem iron enzymes by their absolute requirement for an a-ketoacid cofactor as well as Fe(II) and O2 for activity. They catalyse two types of reaction (Table 2.3), hydroxyla-tion and oxidation. In both, the a-ketoglutarate is decarboxylated and one oxygen atom introduced into the succinate formed in the hydroxylases, the other oxygen atom is introduced into the substrate, while in the oxidases it is found in water, together with the cyclized product. In general these enzymes require one equivalent of Fe(II) an a-ketoacid, usually a-ketoglutarate and ascorbate. Examples of these enzymes include proline 4-hydroxylase, prolyl and lysyl hydroxylase, which... 

P-ketoacid, but these compounds are especially susceptible to loss of carbon dioxide, i.e. decarboxylation. Although P-ketoacids may be quite stable, decarboxylation occurs readily on mild heating, and is ascribed to the formation of a six-membered hydrogen-bonded transition state. Decarboxylation is represented as a cyclic flow of electrons, leading to an enol product that rapidly reverts to the more favourable keto tautomer. 

The second function, and the one pertinent to this section, is the decarboxylation of oxalosuccinic acid to 2-oxoglutaric acid. This is simply a biochemical example of the ready decarboxylation of a P-ketoacid, involving an intramolecular hydrogen-bonded system. This reaction could occur chemically without an enzyme, but it is known that isocitric acid, the product of the dehydrogenation, is still bound to the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase when decarboxylation occurs. 

It is appropriate here to look at the structure of oxaloacetic acid, a critical intermediate in the Krebs cycle, and to discover that it too is a P-ketoacid. In contrast to oxalosuccinic acid, it does not suffer decarboxylation in this enzyme-mediated cycle, but is used as the electrophile for an aldol reaction with acetyl-CoA (see Box 10.4). 

P-relationship to the keto group. This group may thus be removed by a sequence of acid-catalysed hydrolysis, followed by thermal decarboxylation (see Section 10.9). The final product in this sequence is therefore a 8-ketoacid, i.e. a 1,5-dicarbonyl compound. 

To get the final product we need to lose the ester function. This is a standard combination of acid-catalysed ester hydrolysis followed by heating. The P-ketoacid forms a hydrogen-bonded six-membered ring that facilitates decarboxylation. 

Relatively acidic carbon acids such as malonic esters and jS-keto esters were the first class of carbanions for which reliable conditions for alkylation were developed. The reason being that these carbanions are formed using easily accessible alkoxide ions. The preparation of 2-substiuted /i-kcto esters (entries 1, 4, and 8) and 2-substituted derivatives of malonic ester (entries 2 and 7) by the methods illustrated in Scheme 1.5 are useful for the synthesis of ketones and carboxylic acids, since both /1-ketoacids and malonic acids undergo facile decarboxylation ... 

A methyl ester was formed by methanolysis of a trihalide (Equation 32) <2007S225>. Decarboxylation of the /3-ketoacid resulting from hydrolysis has also been reported (Equation 33) <1980LA1917>. A carboxylic acid substituent was reduced to aldehyde with LAH (Equation 34) <1974J(P1)2092>. Thiazine nitrogen probably participates in this reaction. 

The project encompassed the comparative characterization of pyruvate decarboxylase from Z. mohilis (PDC) and benzoylformate decarboxylase from P. putida (BED) as well as their optimization for bioorganic synthesis. Both enzymes require thiamine diphosphate (ThDP) and magnesium ions as cofactors. Apart from the decarboxylation of 2-ketoacids, which is the main physiological reaction of these 2-ketoacid decarboxylases, both enzymes show a carboligase site reaction leading to chiral 2-hydroxy ketones (Scheme 2.2.3.1). A well-known example is... 

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