Kernel hardness, measurement

The purpose of this work is to start from the basic equations of density functional theory to describe the changes in the energy associated with the transition from one ground-state to another, in terms of different sets of variables. In this process one will find the natural definitions of the hardness and softness kernels, the local hardness, the local softness, the global hardness and the global softness [23]. Then, we will proceed to establish their relation with ionization potentials and electron affinities, in order to confirm their behavior as a measure of chemical hardness or softness [14, 24]. Finally, this theoretical framework will be used to analyze the maximum hardness and the HSAB principles. 

Since no benchmark method exists for the measurement of the cracks in grains, comparison was made between the total of estimated soft- and hard-fissured grains (in %, relative to the total number of kernels), and a visual inspection with counting of fissured kernels. Since such a visual inspection is tedious, the number of grains was limited to 10-20 whole handpicked grains from samples of different drying histories. To account for this limitation, both estimates were combined with an approximate domain of confidence derived from the calculation of the impact of one-grain error. In other words, the bars displayed in Fig. 2.12 represent the error on the estimate if one... 

Kernel/Seed Texture. Texture is a measure of the degree of hardness or softness of the kernel or seed. The hardest seeds are those of the faba bean (Vicia faba) and palm... 

S. R. Delwiche. Measurement of single-kernel wheat hardness using near-infrared transmittance. ASA 36 1431-1437, 1993. 

Although the fact that the local softness can be obtained by a simple integration over one coordinate of the softness kernel, the same is not true when one would like to obtain a quantity measuring the local hardness. On of the proposals of the local hardness rj r) has been obtained by multiplication of a functional A,[p(r)], integrating to 1, with the hardness kernel and integrating ... 

Symons, S.J., Van Schepdael, L., and Dexter, J.E. (2003) Measurement of hard vitreous kernels in durum wheat by machine vision. Cereal Chem., 80 (5), 511-517. 

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