Kelvin force

Wang, S.J., Cheng, G., Jiang, X.H., Li, Y.C., Huang, Y.B., and Du, Z.L. (2006) Direct observation of photoinduced charge redistribution of WCfi—Ti02 double layer nanocomposite films by photoassisted Kelvin force microscopy. Applied Physics Letters, 88 (21), 212108. 

During the flow of gas and liquid throughout the bed, the Kelvin force affects the fluids differently depending on their respective magnetic susceptibihty values. By orienting this force vertically, a directional control can be exerted on the flow achieving thus artificially micro- or macrogravity conditions ... 

Re = 2110 and up to 60% at Re = 21.1 in the positive-gradient portion (inset in Fig. 11.14). At Re = 0.21 (not shown here), because of flow reversal the drop in bypass can be as low as 760% of the bypass value at Ho = 0. The nonsymmetry of the bypass with respect to the vertical axis in Fig. 14, which is more severe for negative gradient than for positive gradient, is ascribed to a combined effect of magnetoviscosity and Kelvin force. 

Kelvin Force Microscopy (KFM) is closely related to EFM in that it can also provide surface potential maps, but in the form of work-function variations. This is derived by measuring the Contact Potential Difference (CPD) between the surface and the tip. This can be done to a spatial resolution of a couple of nanometers. 

Current, amp (ampere) length, m (meter) mass, (kilogram) mole, mol kmol (kilogram mole) time, s (second) temperature, K (kelvin) force, N (newton) pressure, N/m (pascal. Pa) energy, N-m (Joule, I) power, N-m/s (watt, W). 

T. Yamauchi, M. Tabuchi, A. Nakamura, Size dependence of the work function in InAs quantum dots on GaAs(001) as studied by Kelvin force probe microscopy. Appl. Phys. Lett. 84(19), 3834-3836 (2004)... 

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