Karlsruhe apparatus

Because of the formation of emulsions, the liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) of nonionic surfactants, e.g., APEO, is restricted to these less surface-active metabolites, i.e., APEO with one to three ethoxy units, APEC, and AP. Noncontinuous LLE of water samples with methylene chloride using a separatory funnel has been applied for NP and NPEO (one to three ethoxy units). In addition, an ultrasonic bath has been shown to be suitable for the LLE of APEOs and AEOs form water samples.Continuous LLE (percolation) has been successfully used for concentration of short-chained APEO and AP too. Steam distillation/solvent extraction using an apparatus designed by Veith and Kiwus " is a sophisticated method of concentrating steam-distillable AP and APEO (one to three ethoxy units) from water samples.AEOs have been efficiently extracted by combination of reflux hydrolysis with sulfuric acid and steam distillation with a Karlsruhe Apparatus. ... 

It is frequently necessary to concentrate the terpenes and their derivatives in a reaction charge or in plant or animal material before separating them. As mentioned already in the introduction, the C5- to Ci5-compounds which come into consideration are volatile in steam and can thus be isolated, using appropriate apparatus [81, 174]. The Karlsruhe apparatus (Firm 21) has proved the best for quantitatively isolating small amounts (1—1000 mg) of such mixtures (Fig. 101). The lipophilic fraction which has distilled over can be transferred, free of water, to a small microflask for weighing it can then be investigated according to the scheme in Table 22. 

Fig. 101. Karlsruhe apparatus for isolation of small amounts of steam-volatile lipids, a standard ground glass joint B 29 6 ascending tube c inlet for washing d condenser e pressure compensator with 1 ml graduations / graduated capillary with divisions of 1/200 g bulb h three-way tap i outlet I filling tube w microflask for gravimetric estimation of collected lipids If/S water level in flask [245]...

Bender Hobein, GmbH, Laborbedarf, 7500 Karlsruhe, Technische Hochschule, Kaiserstr., and 8000 Miinchen 15, Lmdwurmstr., W. Germany ( Karlsruhe Apparatus ). 

Today there exist technically mature apparatuses an electroreduction column (17) for the U/Pu separation in the AGNS Plant, Barnwell and an in-situ electro-reduction mixer settler, installed in the 2nd Pu-cycle in the German WAK Plant, Karlsruhe. 

Haber set the demonstration for July 1-2, 1909. Bosch returned to Karlsruhe with an associate, Alwin Mittasch, ready to see with his own eyes what Haber had promised for so long. But a watched pot won t boil the apparatus sprang a leak. Bosch didn t want to wait for repairs he took the next train back to Ludwigshafen. 

On 2 July 1909 two representatives of BASF visited Haber s laboratory at Karlsruhe. Their brief was to evaluate Haber s apparatus for the high pressure synthesis of ammonia from its elements. Even under optimum conditions the yield was low, around 5 per cent, but Haber had arranged for unreacted hydrogen and nitrogen to be recirculated. Though exothermic, the reaction was carried out at 600°C in order to increase the rate. The preferred catalyst was osmium or uranium. 

Placed in its proper context, Haber s laboratory work, stimulated by academic polemics, demonstrated the possibilities for high pressure ammonia synthesis on an industrial scale. Unlike most other chemists whose activities straddled the worlds of academic and applied organic chemistry Haber opted for the uncertainties of physical chemistry. Not only did he show by clever manipulation of thermodynamics and kinetics that the reaction could be made to take place in yields that others considered impossible, but he also developed the process to the extent that the reaction rate was attractive to industrial chemists. Haber also knew that the only way to convince them would be to devise a continuous apparatus in which the valuable unreacted gases were recirculated to the converter. In July 1909 this apparatus, demonstrated at Karlsruhe, served its intended purpose. Haber s reward was a profit sharing arrangement with BASF, directorship of the new Kaiser Wilhelm-Institut fur Physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie in Berlin (1912), and the Nobel Prize (1918). 

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