Apparatus continuous

A pressure outlet may be used, but the arrangement outlined here is quite sufficient. Citral and pseudoionone are both rapidly polymerized by contact with aqueous sodium hydroxide. This apparatus continuously provides an intimate mixture of the sulfite solution with the ether. On decomposition, the free carbonyl compound is immediately extracted and prolonged contact with sodium hydroxide is thus avoided. 

Experimental Apparatus and Operating Conditions. The polymerization of propylene in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst and a solvent occurred at a relatively low partial olefin pressure and was carried out in an apparatus continuously fed during the reaction with the olefin in the gaseous state at constant pressure (Fig. 14). 

It seems curious that such an "old fashioned" apparatus continues to be standardised but one must assume that there are a number in existence which continue to give good service. 

Observe the crystal for 10 min. Record your observations about the crystal column or your apparatus. Continue to make observations every 10 min. 

Apparatus—Continued automatic water trap for azeotropic distillation, 23, 38 25, 42, 46 bain-marie ware, 25, 72, 97 Claisen flask modified with column, 22, 11... 

Apparatus—Continued for oxidation with oxides of nitrogen, 10, S4... 

A small-scale chain conveyor type of extractor was developed in the 1940s at Iowa State University with the intent of using trichloroethylene solvent to extract soybeans. Crown Iron Works of Minneapolis, Minnesota, licensed the technology and extractor design, and supplied several continuous solvent extraction plants in 1951 using the new extractor and trichloroethylene solvent (6). The meal from these plants proved detrimental to animals, so the plants were either closed or converted to petroleum-based solvents (7). The chain-type extractor apparatus continued on and is the basis of the modern Crown Iron Works Model III extractor used today. 

The still plastic pellet segments are being worked by further contact with the friction plate as well as by collisions between particles and with the wall. Mechanical energy is transformed into kinetic energy and the mass of particles rotates in a torus-shaped ring in the apparatus. Continued processing will cause a gradual deformation into spherical shape. 

Figure 13. Low-temperature filtration apparatus. Continued on next page.

Product yield 79%-95% customized spray-congealing apparatus (Continued)... 

More elaborate multiple extractors based on a countercurrent principle have been developed that are capable of giving very efficient separations in favorable circumstances. For separating amounts greater than about 40 g, a counterdoublecurrent apparatus is preferable. With this apparatus, continuous rather than batchwise operation is possible, if a solvent system can be found such that the distribution coefficient of the desired substance is on one side of unity and those of all impurities are on the other side. Due to the cost of the apparatus (about 8000), the limited quantity of material that can be used (a maximum of about 40 g of substrate), the time necessary to find a suitable solvent system, and the problems associated with running and cleaning the apparatus, countercurrent extractors are usually employed as a last resort, i.e., after distillation, recrystallization, simple extraction, and liquid chromatography have failed to effect a satisfactory separation. 

The photosynthetic apparatus continues to function in an ever changing and potentially stressful environment because, among other factors, the chloroplast is endowed with a range of biochemical protective systems. It is evident that if these systems are inhibited or their production is prevented, cellular damage and possibly death will ensue. Conversely, if these biochemical systems could be rendered more efficient in crop plants, survival or possibly enhanced selectivity could be achieved. 

Fundamental research seems to be necessary in all cases where components normally are tested with pure steam instead with nuclear steam, which always has a small content of radiolytic gas. To avoid handling pure hydrogen and pure oxygen in a laboratory it could be possible to generate radiolytic gas by an electorolytical apparatus continuously and in small quantities. Such experiments can be very instructive about the accumulation of the radiolytic gas, about the natural circulation effects in components with stagnating steam atmosphere and about the possibilities to get a passive transport of the enriched steam back to the RPV or to another line with intensive steam flow. 

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