Jury studies

Johnson, B.B. 2002b. Stability and inoculation of risk comparisons effects under conflict Replicating and extending the Asbestos Jury study by Slovic et al. Risk Anal. 22(4) 789-800. 

Mathematical models have also predicted a low volatility for methyl parathion (Jury et al. 1983 McLean et al. 1988). One study using a laboratory model designed to mimic conditions at soil pit and evaporation pond disposal sites (Sanders and Seiber 1983) did find a high volatility from the soil pit model (75% of the deposited material), but a low volatility for the evaporation pond model (3. 7% of the deposited material). A study of methyl parathion and the structurally similar compound ethyl parathion, which have similar vapor pressures, foimd that methyl parathion underwent less volatilization than ethyl parathion in a review of the data, the reduced level of volatilization for methyl parathion was determined to be due to its adsorption to the soil phase (Alvarez-Benedi et al. 1999). 

Armstrong, Dorsey, Jennifer Brown, Nicole Clifton, Kenneth Hodges, Juris Lidaka, Marion Turner and Greg Walker. Middle English excluding Chaucer. Years Work in Englsih Studies (2005). 

Stochastic or probabilistic techniques can be applied to either the moisture module, or the solution of equation (3) — or for example the models of Schwartz Crowe (13) and Tang et al. (16), or can lead to new conceptual model developments as for example the work of Jury (17). Stochastic or probabilistic modeling is mainly aimed at describing breakthrough times of overall concentration threshold levels, rather than individual processes or concentrations in individual soil compartments. Coefficients or response functions and these models have to be calibrated to field data since major processes are studied via a black-box or response function approach and not individually. Other modeling concepts may be related to soil models for solid waste sites and specialized pollutant leachate issues (18). 

Juri and Bartsch (1979) have studied the coupling of 4-t-butylbenzene-diazonium tetrafluoroborate with N,N-dimethylaniline in 1,2-dichloroethane solution. The addition of one equivalent (based on diazonium salt) of 18-crown-6 caused the rate constant to drop by a factor of 10, indicating that complexed diazonium is less reactive than the free cation. Benzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate complexes of crown ethers are photochemically more stable than the free salt. The decomposition into fluorobenzene and boron trifluoride is strongly inhibited but no explanation has been given (Bartsch et al., 1977). 

It was only in 1959 that Guy Ourisson renovated the study of organic chemistry by organizing the Groupe d Etudes de Chimie Organique (GECO), to facilitate contact with chemists abroad and to rethink the theoretical foundations of modern organic chemistry. 89 That this was a project sorely needed is indicated by Micheline Charpentier-Morize s reflections on her doctoral thesis defense in 1958. Prevost presided over the jury. When she referred to the possible existence of a "p-complex" to explain reactivity, Prevost exclaimed, "Madame, if I have one reproach for you, it is that you know the modem theories too well. "90... 

Environmental Fate. The fate of bromomethane in the environment is dominated by rapid evaporation into air, where it is quite stable (EPA 1986b). The rates of volatilization from soil and water have been studied and are known with reasonable precision (although such rates are typically site-specific) (Jury et al. 1984 Lyman et al. 1982). The rates of breakdown by hydrolysis, reaction with hydroxyl radical, and direct photolysis in the stratosphere have also been estimated (Castro and Belser 1981 Davis et al. 1976 Robbins 1976). Further studies to improve the accuracy of available rate constants for these processes would be helpful, but do not appear to be essential in understanding the basic behavior of bromomethane in the environment. 

Stomata are the principal entry sites for ozone and PAN into plant leaves, and stomatal closure effectively protects the plant from in-jury. Several studies suggest that oxidants may cause stomatal closure. ... 

Zayed et al. (1983) studied the degradation of trifluralin by the microbes Aspergillus carneus, Fusarium oxysporum, and Thchoderma viride. Following an inoculation and incubation period of 10 d in the dark at 25 °C, the following metabolites were identified a,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-A -propyl-jO-toluidine, a,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-p-toluidine, 2-amino-6-nitro-a,a,a-trifluoro-p-toluidine, and 2,6-dinitro-4-trifluoromethylphenol. The reported half-life in soil is 132 d (Jury et al., 1987). 

Fig. 9.2 Patterns of vertical water flow in a porous medium, as a function of the initial water content. Shown here are two patterns of water infiltration, in two different dry and wet soils, following infiltration of 40 mm of water containing Brilliant Blue FCF as a dye applied to the ground surface (Flury et al., 1994). Reproduced by permission of American Geophysical Union. Flury M, Fluhler H, Jury W, Leuenberger J (1994) Susceptibility of soils to preferential flow of water A field study. Water Resour Res 30 1945-1954, doi 10.1029/94WR00871. Copyright 1994 American Geophysical Union...

Fig. 10.2 Pattern of contaminant advance (water containing dye) in a partially saturated soil. Note the high degree of spatial variability in the pattern, both laterally and with depth. Reprinted from Ghodrati M, Jury WA (1992) A field study of the effects of soil structure and irrigation method on preferential flow of pesticides in unsaturated soil. J Contam Hydrol 11 101-125 Copyright 1992 with permission of Elsevier...

Ghodrati M, Jury WA (1990) A field study using dyes to characterize preferential flow of water. Soil Sci Soc Am J 54 1558-1563... 

Jury WA, Elabad H, Reskelo M (1986) Field study of napropamide movement through unsaturated soils. Water Resour Res 22 749-755... 

In addition to the methods reviewed in this chapter there has been the development of a procedure known as meta-analysis, which seeks to combine as many clinical studies as possible in a formal and structured way, so that patient numbers may be increased to a level at which conclusions may be drawn that would not be possible from single studies. Needless to say, there are strongly held views both for and against meta-analysis, but at present it would probably be true to say that the jury is stiU out. 

Klein DF. Preventing hung Juries about therapy studies. J Consuit Ctin Psychoi 1996 64 74-80. 

Empirical work about the liability system utilizes several famous data sets. The Insurance Service Office, a research arm of the insurance industry, randomly sampled product liability claims in 1976 and 1977, but the universe represents only claims. Viscusi (1986,1988,1989b) has extensively used these data. The Rand Corporation has assembled the results of all civil jury trials held in federal and superior state courts in Cook County, Illinois, and San Francisco, California, from 1959 through 1984 and issued a series of studies (Peterson 1986). 

Jury, W. A., Elabd, H. Resketo, M. (1986). Field study of napropamide movement through unsaturated soil. Water Resources Research, 22, 749-55. 

Clendening, L.D., W.A. Jury, and F.F. Ernst (1990). A field mass balance study of pesticide volatilization, leaching, and persistence. In D.A. Kurtz, ed., Long Range Transport of Pesticides. Chelsea, MI Lewis Publishers, pp. 47-60. 

The most positive result for the action of an anti-inflammatory has been obtained from the studies of propentofyline. This drug inhibits the action of microglia which act as macrophages within the brain and release inflammatory cytokines. However, while there was evidence of some therapeutic benefit, the results were modest and insufficient for the drug to be marketed either in Europe or North America. Thus the jury is still out regarding the potential therapeutic efficacy of the non-steroidal drugs, at least in the treatment of patients with established AD. 

Biodegradation rate constants k = 0.047 d 1 from soil incubation studies and k = 0.026 d 1 in anaerobic system from flooded soil incubation studies both by die-away test (Rao Davidson 1980 quoted, Scow 1982) t,/2 = 40 d in 0 to 10 cm depth of soil (Rao Davidson 1980 quoted, Jury et al. 1983, 1984, 1987a, b Jury Ghodrati 1989)... 

Balzani V, Juris A. Photochemistry and photophysics of Ru(II) polypyridine complexes in the Bologna group. From early studies to recent developments. Coord Chem Rev 2001 211 97-15. 

The movement of most constituents in soils can ultimately be described as variants of diffusive (or in certain cases, advective) processes. The study of these processes, and Aeir modeling, has long been the domain of soil physics, an experimental branch of the soil sciences. There are several good textbooks in soil physics that provide introductions to these processes (Jury et al., 1991 Hillel, 1998, 1980a,b). However, it is fair to say that the application of this work to namral soil processes, and to natural soils, has been minimal given the focus on laboratory or highly controlled field experiments. However, notable exceptions to this trend exist, exceptions initiated by biogeochemists who adapted or modified these principles to illuminate the soil black box. ... 

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