Joint Institute for Nuclear

In 1967 G.N. Flerov reported that a Soviet team working at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna may have produced a few atoms of 260-105 and 261-105 by bombarding 243Am with 22Ne. The evidence was based on time-coincidence measurements of alpha energies. 

In June 1974, members of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, U.S.S.R., reported their discovery of Element 106, which they reported to have synthesized. Glenn Seaborg was part of this group, and the element was named in his honor. Seaborgium is often still referred to as Element 106 because the international committee in charge of names changed the rules. They decided retroactively it couldn t be named after a living person. 

Elements beyond 103 are expected to be 6d elements forming a fourth transition series, and attempts to synthesize them have continued during the past thirty years. All 10 (including, of course, actinium) are now known and are discussed in the section on transactinide elements on p. 1280. The work has required the dedicated commitment of extensive national facilities and has been carried out at the Lawrence-Berkeley Laboratories, the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna, and the Heavy-Ion Research Centre (GSI) at Darmstadt, Germany. 

Breskrovny, A.I., Lebedev, N.A., Ostanevich, Y.M.L. Joint Institute for nuclear research report, Dubna (1971) (private communication)... 

Dept, of Physics and Astronomy and Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA... 

Dubnium - the atomic number is 105 and the chemical symbol is Db. The name derives from the location of the Russian research center, the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research lab in Dubna , Russia. The first synthesis of this element is jointly credited to the American scientific team at the University of California in Berkeley, California imder Albert Ghiorso and the Russian scientific team at the JINR (Joint Institute for Nuclear Reactions) lab in Dubna, Russia, imder Georgi N. Flerov in 1970. The longest half-life associated with this unstable element is 34 second Db. 

Element 110 - no name has been proposed or accepted by lUPAC for element 110. This element was first synthesized in a November 1994 experiment by a multi-national team of scientists working at the Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt, Germany. The scientific teams were from the GSI (Heavy Ion Research Center), Darmstadt, the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russia, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia and the University of Jyvaskyla, Finland. They used the nuclear reaction ° Pb ( Ni, n) 110. The longest half-life associated vdth this unstable element is 1.1 minute 10. 

The chemical and physical properties of Unq (or rutherfordium) are homologous with the element hafnium ( jHf), located just above it in group 4 (fVB) in the periodic table. It was first claimed to be produced artificially by the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) located in Dubna, Russia. The Russian scientists used a cyclotron that smashed a target of plutonium-242 with very heavy ions of neon-22, resulting in the following reaction Pu-242 + jjjNe-22 —> jj, Unq-260 + 4 n-1 (alpha radiation). The Russians named Unq-260 kurcha-tovium (Ku-260) for the head of their center, Ivan Kurchatov. (See details in the next section, History. )... 

The nuclear reaction involving the bombardment of curium with calcium that directly produced element 116 occurred on December 6, 2000, at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, in cooperation with personnel of the Lawrence-Livermore Berkeley Group. This nuclear reaction resulted in the production of a few atoms of the isotope ununhexium-292, which has a half-life of 0.6 milliseconds and emits four neutrons. Uuh-292 is also the most stable isotope of element 116 as it continues to decay into elements with Z numbers of 114, 112, 110, 108, and 106, plus emitting four alpha particles for each transmutation. (Z numbers are the number of protons in the nuclei of atoms.)... 

SHIP = Separator for Heavy Ion Products (Germany) JINR = Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (Russia) ppm = parts per million ppb = parts per billion % = percent A= heat... 

As evidenced by the tremendous power of nuclear bombs, nuclear reactions involve quite a lot of energy. In the laboratory, researchers fabricate nuclides with the aid of special, high-energy equipment such as reactors in which nuclear reactions can take place, or particle accelerators in which particles such as protons are accelerated to high speed and crash into one another, or some other target. For example, in 2006, researchers at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in the Russian Federation and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California synthesized isotopes of element 118 for the first time. To make the new isotope, researchers smashed calcium atoms into a target made of californium (which has an atomic number of 98). These new isotopes decayed quickly. (Element 118 and other recently discovered elements have not yet been named.)... 

Bogoliubov Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Moscow region, 141980, Russia... 

Joint Institute for Nuclear Research 141980, Dubna, Russia... 

Vladimir I. Korobov, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980, Dubna, Russia, korobov thsunl. j inr. ru... 

These experiments resulted in the identification of elements 107 to 112 at the Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung, GSI, in Darmstadt, and in the recent synthesis of elements 114 and 116 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, JINR, in Dubna. We also report on a search for element 118, which started in 1999 at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, LBNL, in Berkeley. In subsequent sections a theoretical description follows discussing properties of nuclei in the region of SHEs and phenomena, which influence the yield for the synthesis of SHEs. Empirical descriptions of hot and cold fusion nuclear reaction systematic are outlined. Finally, a summary and outlook is given. 

The last decade was marked with the discovery of five new members of the Periodic Table The heaviest elements of the last transition element series 110 through 112 were identified in the Gesellschaft fiir Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Darmstadt [1-3] and some decay chains and fission products associated with production of even more heavy elements 116 and 114 were recently reported by the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna [4], This period of time was also very fruitful with studying chemical properties of the very heavy elements [5-9],... 

Eichler, B. "Voraussage des Verhaltens der Superschweren Elemente und ihrer Chloride bei der thermochromatographischen Abtrennung". In Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Report, PI2-7767, Dubna, (1974). 

Zvara, I., Timokhin, S.N., Chuburkov, Yu.T., Domanov, V., Gorski, B. Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Laboratory for Nuclear Reactions, Scientific Report 1989-1990, E7-91-75, Dubna, p.34. 

Discovery of these elements has largely resulted from the researches of three groups from Russian scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna German workers at the Gesellschaft fiir Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Darmstadt and Americans,... 

At about the same time, another claim to the discovery of element 106 was made by a Russian group working at the Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Reactions in Dubna, Russia — Georgiy N. Flerov, Yuri Ts. Oganessian, Yu. P. Tretyakov, A. S. Iljinov, A. G. Demin, A. A. Pleve, S. P. Tret yakova, V. M. Plotko, M. P. Ivanov, N. A. Danilov, and Yu. S. Korotkin. They reported the observation of a spontaneous fission activity with a half-life of 4-10 ms, produced by bombarding 82 Pb with ItCr, and which they assigned to 106 on the basis of reaction systematics. 

Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980 Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland... 

---