Issuance increase

The disclosure requirement provides that the patent be a teaching document, and enhance the breadth of knowledge held by the pubHc. By increasing the breadth of knowledge within the pubHc sector, a given patent faciHtates further technological development and growth, which in turn results in the issuance of additional patents. 

Payment of maintenance fees is required at the fourth-, eighth-, and twelfth-year anniversaries of the date of issuance of the patent. The costs of these maintenance fees vary from year to year depending on the regulations of the U.S. PTO. The first maintenance fee tends to be fairly slight, allowing for the further enforcement of the patent with Htde economic burden on the patentee. The second maintenance fee tends to increase the payment from the first maintenance fee by a factor of two. The third maintenance fee tends to be substantial, increasing the payment from the first maintenance fee by a factor of three. 

This incident and concerns that resistance to antibiotics was increasing led to the formation of the Swann Committee, which examined the use of antibacterials in feeds in England. In 1969, the Committee issued its report ( ) on the use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine and animal husbandry. It recommended that antibiotics and other antibacterials be divided into a "feed class and a "therapeutic class which would be used only by issuance of a veterinary prescription. The British government accepted the Swann Commmttee recommendations in 1971. 

In the late 1970 s, Kirchhoff at The Dow Chemical Company initiated a research program on the use of benzocyclobutenes in polymer synthesis and modification. These efforts culminated in 1985 with the issuance of the first patent on the use of benzocyclobutenes in the synthesis of high molecular weight polymers [3]. Similar work was reported separately and independently by Tan and Arnold working at the Air Force Wright Laboratories [11-14], Since these initial discoveries, the field of benzocyclobutene polymers has rapidly expanded to include currently 75 issued patents and numerous publications by a variety of researchers. These numbers are expected to increase considerably since benzocyclobutenes constitute the basis of a new and versatile approach to the synthesis of high performance polymers for applications in the electronics and aerospace industries. 

The growing use of trialkylgallium and -indium compounds in the synthesis of semiconductors has led to the issuance of patented methods for their preparation from metal-magnesium alloys and alkyl halides (68-71). Other such preparations are likely to appear as the need for alkylmetal compounds increases. 

Potential sources of human exposure to mercury include food contaminated with mercury, inhalation of mercury vapors in ambient air, and exposure to mercury through water, soil and sediment. Dietary intake is by far the most important source of exposure to mercury for the general population. Fish and other seafood products are the main source of methylmercury in the diet studies have shown that methylmercury concentrations in fish and shellfish are 10-100 times greater than in other foods, including cereals, potatoes, vegetables, fruits, meats, poultry, eggs, and milk. As of December 1998, mercury was the chemical contaminant responsible, at least in part, for the issuance of 1931 fish consumption advisories by 40 states, including the US territory of American Samoa. Almost 68% of all advisories issued in the United States are a result of mercury contamination in fish and shellfish. Advisories for mercury have increased steadily by 115% from 899 advisories in 1993 to 1931 advisories in 1998. The number of states that have issued mercury advisories also has risen steadily from 27 states in 1993 to 40 states in 1997, and remains at 40 states for 1998. Advisories for mercury increased nearly 8% from 1997 (1782 advisories) to 1998 (1931 advisories). 

An originator with 100 million of imsecured debt, bearing an interest rate of X percent, plans to repay 50 million of this unsecured debt with the proceeds of a new 50 million issuance of secured debt. The principle of exposure conservation states that the interest rate on the secured debt will be reduced to X-Y percent, but this reduction in rate will be matched by an interest rate increase on the remaining unsecured debt to X+Y percent. This analysis assumes that the unsecured creditors are free to adjust to a market rate. Therefore, according to the theory, the originator makes no net gain from granting security. 

U.S. patents on block polymers generally related to the thermoplastic rubbers, over the period of 1961-80. By taking into account the lag in patent issuance, the sharp increase of patents issued from 1966-1970 and subsequently confirms the upsurge of interest. 

The increasing relevance of shareholder value and the corresponding awareness of the problem of an optimized capital structure has led to the significant rise of corporate bond issuance since the start of the European Monetary Union. Investors are able to diversify more broadly, maximize returns and invest beyond formerly existing frontiers. Issuers can reduce financing costs and increase the company s valne, which benefits bondholders. Thus concentration on shareholder value also generates bondholder value. 

To illustrate, we will value the same hypothetical 4-year floater assuming that the required margin is now 20 basis points. For this to occur, some dimension of the floater s risk or the market must have increased since the floater s issuance. Now in order to be reset to par, our floater would hypothetically have to possess a coupon rate equal to 3-month LIBOR plus 20 basis points. Since the quoted margin is fixed, the floater s price must fall to reflect the market s perceived increase in the security s risk. 

Another area these Debt Agencies have had to focus on more has been their communication policy. Another of the obvious consequences of the above mentioned loss of the domestic edge was the necessary increase in the transparency and predictability of these Debt Agencies, especially in terms of issuance policy. In fact, most Euro Debt Agencies now publish periodical supply calendars providing as much details as possible regard-... 

The breakdown between the funding by maturities and assets is also affected by market dynamics. In this regard, low short-term yields and steep yield curves have recently favoured the increase in T-bill issuance, with many Euro countries having increased since 2001 the percentage of... 

Top quality issuers have long been a part of Eurobond scene. But in euros, they have been eclipsed by the growth of the corporate market. Sovereign issuance in particular has fallen, as countries have shifted activity back to their domestic issuance mechanisms. This has mainly been done to increase liquidity and size in domestic market format, so as to compete better within the Eurozone. 

The AFT has steadily increased linker issuance since the product was launched, and currently targets approximately 10% of gross issuance in inflation-linked. Its commitment to a stable issuance pattern was reemphasised prior to the launch of the OATef 12 in October 2001. AFT maintains some discretion over which issues to auction and when, and is sensitive to expected market demand for that issuance. 

Swap spreads tend to narrow with slower economic growth, reflecting reduced corporate issuance and steady or increased high grade credit issuance. A good proxy for economic growth is capacity utilization. 

Due to the youth of the Euro credit market, an accurate comparison with the sterling market is difficult to make, but we can still observe an increased issuance of longer-dated bonds. 

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