Isothermal furnace

Hot-Wall Reactors. A hot-wall reactor is essentially an isothermal furnace, which is often heated by resistance elements. The parts to be coated are loaded in the reactor, the temperature is raised to the desired level, and the reaction gases are introduced. Figure 5.6 shows such a furnace which is used for the coating of cutting tools with TiC, TiN, and Ti(CN). These materials can be deposited alternatively under precisely controlled conditions. Such reactors are often large and the coating of hundreds of parts in one operation is possible (see Ch. 18). 

Isothermal annealing, 23 288—290 transformation diagram for, 23 289 Isothermal dehydrogenation, 23 337 Isothermal evaporation, general separation heuristics for, 22 319-320 Isothermal forging, of titanium, 24 859 Isothermal furnace liners, 13 239-240... 

Other polymeric terpenes are also known in nature. One such material is the resin called dammar (recent or fossil), generated by the trees from the family Dipterocarpaceae. Pyrolytic studies were performed on this polymer [16] after separation in two fractions, one soluble in CH2CI2 and the other insoluble. Three different pyrolysis techniques were used to obtain information on the insoluble polymer, flash pyrolysis, open isothermal furnace pyrolysis and closed system isothermal pyrolysis. Several compounds separated and identified in pyrolysates by GC/MS are shown below ... 

Stabilized Temperature Platform Furnace. The conditions in a Massmann furnace are by no means optimum during atomization. The sample is dispensed onto a cold wall of the tube which is then heated rapidly for atomization. After vaporization the sample is in an environment that is not in equilibrium with respect to volume or time. This can cause chemical interferences. Fewer interferences would occur in a continuously heated, isothermal furnace. It has been shown that about 60% of the atoms formed diffuse to the cooler cuvette ends and condense. In addition, at 2800 K a temperature gradient of 1000 K between the middle and the ends of a... 

Because the Curie-point filament is heated inductively, no connections are made to the wire. This facilitates autosampling and permits loading the wires into glass tubes for sampling and insertion into the coil zone. Unlike the isothermal furnace, which is on continuously, the Curie-point wire is heated only briefly and is cold the rest of the time. This necessitates heating the pyrolysis chamber separately to prevent immediate condensation of the fragments made during pyrolysis. Therefore, Curie-... 

The influences of concomitants on volatilization can be minimized by the use of platform techniques and of an isothermal furnace. Both measures are particularly helpful in direct solid sampling. 

Whereas isothermal furnaces achieve a fairly fast sample heating by keeping the pyrolysis instrument... 

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