Isopropyl pyrrolidone

A series of pyrrolidones shows promise of being cognitionenhancing agents. One of these, amacetam 3), is synthesized readily by ester-amide exchange between ethyl 2-oxo-l-pyrroli-dineacetate U) and ]1, -di isopropyl ethyl enedi amine ( ). ... 

Chiral, nonracemic, monocyclic y-lactams have been alkylated. One such lactam, 5-ethoxy-4-hy-droxy-l-isopropyl-2-pyrrolidone (5), is obtained as an 82 18 mixture of the (4S,5Jt)- and (4S,5S)-isomers from (S )-2-hydroxybutanedioic acid (4), via the crystalline, enantiomerically pure (A)-3-acetoxy-1 -isopropyl-2,5-pyrrolidinedione, in a five-step procedure with 57 % overall yield19,20. 

Bromo-ll//-pyrido[2,l-b]quinazolin-ll-one and its 8-methyl and 8-isopropyl derivatives (127, R = Br, R1 = H, Me, iPr) were treated with carbon monoxide and nickel carbonyl in wet dimethylformamide in the presence of calcium hydroxyde to yield 2-carboxylic acid derivatives (127, R = COOH, R1 = H, Me, iPr). 2-Bromo-8-isopropyl-ll//-pyrido[2,l-b]-quinazolin-ll-one (127, R = Br, R1 = iPr) was reacted with copper(I) cyanide in iV-methyl-2-pyrrolidone at 180°C for 10 h, then with ferric chloride hexahydrate in diluted hydrochloric acid at 90°C for 30 min to give the 2-cyano derivative (127, R = CN, R1 = iPr) (85CP1189509). 

Others 1,4-dioxane, 1,3,5-trioxane, terahydrofuran, 2-butyl tetrahydrofuran, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, epsilon-caprolactam, benzothiazole, biphenyl, pyrazine, 2-butanone oxime, l-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N,N-dimethyl-aniline, N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine, l-methyl-7-isopropyl phenanthrene, dibenzyl-amine, hexamethylenetetramine, squalene, 2-ethylanthraquinone... 

VP V-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone PVP polyVP EGDMA ethylene glycol dimethacrylate BA butyl acrylate TPT 1,1,1-trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate NIPA V-isopropyl acrylamide AA acrylic acid BIS VV-methylene bisacrylamide PVA polyvinyl alcohol EDTAD ethylenediamine-tetraacetic dianhydride PEGDA polyethyleneglycol diacrylate PETA pentaerythritol triacrylate. 

Bhatia KS, Singh J. Percutaneous absorption of LHRH through porcine skin effect of N-methyl 2-pyrrolidone and isopropyl myristate. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 1997 23 1111-1114. 

Note ER, a ratio of the skin permeability coefficient or the flux for skin exposed to pyrrolidones vs. a control value tor skin not exposed to pyrrolidones NMP, A/-methyl-2-pyrrolidone LP, 1-lauryl-2-pyrrolidone IPM, isopropyl myristate HP, 1-hexyl-2-pyrrolidone ET, ethanol PG, propylene glycol. 

Dibasic Esters (DBE) Diisobutyl DBE Methyl Decanoate Isopropyl Myristate /V-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone (NMP) Tetrahydrofurfuryl Alcohol (THFA) Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Aliphatic Alcohols ... 

Glycereth-26 Glyceryl acetate 2-Heptadecenyl-4,4-bishydroxymethyl oxazoline Hydrogenated tallow amide Hydrogenated tallowamine Isocetyl alcohol Isopropyl lanolate Isopropyl myristate Isostearyl neopentanoate Isotridecyl alcohol, ethoxylated, phosphated, compd. with N,N-dimethylcyclohexanamine Lanolin acid Lanolin oil Laureth-6 phosphate Lauryl hydroxyethyl imidazoline dl-Limonene Magnesium aluminum silicate N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone Myreth-4 Octyidodecanol Oleamine... 

Isocetyl laurate Isocetyl myristate Isopropyl acetate Isopropyl alcohol Isopropylamine 3-Methoxybutanol Methoxyethanol Methoxy PEG Methyl acetate Methyl alcohol Methyl t-butyl ether Methyl cyclohexane Methylene chloride Methyl ethyl ketone Methyl isobutyl ketone N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone Mineral oil Mineral spirits Nitromethane Octyidodecanol Oleic acid Olive (Olea europaea) oil Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) oil PEG-4 PEG-6 PEG-8 PEG-9 PEG-12 PEG-14 PEG-16 PEG-20 PEG-75 PEG-90 PEG-150 PEG-8 caprylic/capric glycerides PEG-33 castor oil PEG-35 castor oil PEG-3 dimethyl ether PEG-4 dimethyl ether PEG-6 isostearate... 

Erucamide 2-Ethyl-1-butanol Ethyl chloride Ethylene chlorohydrin Ethyl ether 2-Ethylhexyl acetate 2-Hexanone Isoamyl acetate Isocetyl salicylate Isopropyl ether dl-Limonene Methoxydiglycol Methoxyethanol acetate Methylcyclohexanol N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone... 

Aciyloyl-L-prolinemethyl ester Copolymers of N-isopropyl aciylamide and butyl methacrylate" Copolymers of aciyloyl-L rolinemethyl ester and Itydroxyethyl methacrylate (xjpolymers of acryloyl-L-prolinemethyl ester and hychxixypropyl methacrylate" IPNs of poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(acryloyl pyrrolidone)" IPNs of poly(tetramethylene ether glycol) and poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide)" Association complexes of poly(methylacrylic acid) and poly(ethylene oxide)" 24... 

PVF2 is immiscible with PCL, poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME), poly(vinyl propionate), poly(vinyl butyrate) [217, 219], poly(isopropyl methacrylate), and poly(isobutyl methacrylate) and poly(isopropyl acrylate) [220]. Lest behavior was noted for PVF2 blends with PEA, PVMK, PEMA, PMAc and PMMA with a relationship noted between the lest and the interaction parameter [220]. Miscibility of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)(PVP) and PVF2 has been reported [221] with elimination of PVF2 crystallinity above 40 wt% PVP in the time scale of the experimental protocol employed. 

Note PGMEA propylene glycol 1-mono-methyl-ether-2-acetate NMP n-methyl pyrrolidone EL ethyl lactate TMAH tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide BOE buffered oxide etch TEOS tetraethyl orthosilicate TDMAT tetrakis(dimethylamido) titanium IPA isopropyl alcohol or 2-propanol. 

In contrast to these relatively weak influences of many solvents, water has a pronounced impact on aqueous radical polymerization. It is frequently found that the polymerization rates of water-soluble monomers in aqueous solutions are higher than in organic solvents." PLP-SEC studies into different systems (methacrylic acid (MAA)" acrylic acid (AA)," A-isopropyl acrylamide," acrylamide, and A-vinyl pyrrolidone revealed a huge solvent effect on kp. Figure 1.2 demonstrates this effect on the example of A-vinyl pyrrolidone. 

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