Limits of error

Theoiy related to material characteristics states that a minimum quantity of sample is predicated as that amount required to achieve a specified limit of error in the sample-taking process. Theoiy of sampling in its apphcation acknowledges sample preparation and testing as additional contributions to total error, but these error sources are placed outside consideration of sampling accuracy in theoiy of sample extraction. 

At voltages lower than 5%, the limits of error may increase. They become up to twice the specified errors at about 2% of the rated voltage, the limits of VA burden and p.f. remaining ihe same. 

This defines the maximum permissible current error at the rated current for a particular accuracy class. The standard accuracy classes for the measuring CTs may be one of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, I, 3 and 5. The limits of error in magnitude of the secondary current and the phase error, as discussed in Section 15.6.1 and shown in Figure 15.18,... 

Flow Low mass flow indicated. Mass flow error. Transmitter zero shift. Measurement is high. Measurement error. Liquid droplets in gas. Static pressure change in gas. Free water in fluid. Pulsation in flow. Non-standard pipe runs. Install demister upstream heat gas upstream of sensor. Add pressure recording pen. Mount transmitter above taps. Add process pulsation damper. Estimate limits of error. 

GouldConsistent biniolecular rate constants at various concentrations and times were found except in cases of autocatalysis. For the rate equations used and details on the limits of error, the reader is referred to the original publications. 

The rate constants (in absolute solvents unless otherwise specified) are measured at a temperature giving a convenient reaction rate and calculated for a reference temperature used for comparison. These constants have all been converted to the same units and tabulated as 10 A . Where comparisons could otherwise not be made, pseudo-unimolecular constants (Tables IX and XIII, and as footnoted in Tables X to XIV) are used. The reader is referred to the original articles for the specific limits of error and the rate equations used in the calculations. The usual limits of error were for k, 1-2% or or 2-5% and logio A, 5%, with errors up to double these figures for some of the high-temperature reactions. 

Limits of error were in the following ranges k 1-3% or less Ej 0.3-0.5 kcal mole i, except for reference 487 (0.3-1.0) JS +1-1.5 cal mole i deg logioA 0.2-0.5. Values for idS are usually reported with more significant figures than is justified. 

Zintl Hauke cited no limits of error, but Ketelaar cited an uncertainty of 0-005 A for a0 and an uncertainty of 0-003 in y and z. From comparisons among the intensities obtained for the five compounds that they investigated, Zintl Hauke concluded that the y and z parameters are substantially the same for all five. 

It is of interest to note that on introducing the theoretical value of SRoo for helium in equation (24), the result R = 0-506 is obtained. The experimental data of C. and M. Cuthbertson were extrapolated to 0-513 for light of infinite wave-length by Bom and Heisenberg, and to 0 518 by Heydweiller so that our entirely theoretically derived value agrees with experiment within the limit of error of the extrapolation. 

Surface Composition Measurements. The surface composition and metal dispersion for a series of silica (Cab-O-Sll) supported Ru-Rh bimetallic clusters are summarized In Table I. Surface enrichment In Rh, the element with the lower heat of sublimation, was not observed over the entire bimetallic composition range. In fact, to within the experimental limit of error of the measurements, surface compositions and catalyst compositions were nearly equal. A small local maximum In the dispersion was observed for the catalyst having a surface composition of 50% Rh. 

Looking at the crystal structures of the monofluorophosphates, it is surprising, that the three PO bonds are of different lengths. These differences are out of the limits of error at least in case of the very exactly calculated data of Ca[P03F] 2 H2O and (NH4)2[P03F] H2O (26) (see Table 3). In fact this leads to a Cj symmetry for the POgF ion. 

Potzel et al. [60] used a Ga/ZnO single crystal source in combination with a single crystal absorber of natural ZnO and observed a resonance line width of 0.36 0.04 pm s for the 93.3 keV transition in Zn (at 4.2 K). This, after correction for finite absorber thickness, equals, within the limit of error, the minimum observable line width as deduced from the lifetime of 13.4 ps for the 93.3 keV state. The spectra observed by these authors are shown in Fig. 7.23. 

Kaindl et al. [186] have plotted the isomer shift results for metallic hosts versus the number of outer electrons of the 3d, Ad, and 5d metals and found the transition energy to decrease when proceeding from a to a Ad and further to a 3d host metal in the same column of the periodic table. This systematic behavior is similar to that observed for isomer shifts of y-rays of Fe(14.4 keV) [193], Ru(90 keV), Pm (77 keV), and lr(73 keV) [194]. The changes of A(r ) = (r )e — (r )g for these Mossbauer isotopes are all reasonably well established. Kaindl et al. [186] have used these numbers to estimate, with certain assumptions, the A(r ) value for Ta (6.2 keV) and found a mean value of A(r ) = —5 10 fin with some 50% as an upper limit of error. The negative sign of A(r ) is in agreement with the observed variation of the isomer shift of LiTaOs, NaTaOs, and KTaOs, as well as with the isomer shift found for TaC [186]. 

Lee and Sdiger 4 have estimated the error involved in the determination of the quantum yield for the ferrioxalate actinometer (at 365 nm) to be 2.5%. This then constitutes the minimum limit of error involved in the... 

Limits of error of the determination 0-3 per cent high, 0-1 per cent low. 

Use Kiister s logarithm tables. The limits of error are for carbon 0-3 per cent, for hydrogen +0-2 and - 0-1 per cent. Good analyses give about 0-1 per cent C too little and 0-1 per cent H too much. 

Limits of error in these determinations 1 per cent of the halogen content. 

In the latest experimental work131 not only the heat conductivities of ice and water, but also the latent heat of fusion were considered, but convection still disregarded. The importance of the refinements of the theory is clear from the comparison of the most recent value for the ysl of the ice - water interface, namely 29 erg/cm2, with the early result129) of 7si = 41 erg/cm2. The probable limits of error were given as 9 erg/cm2 in the early, and as 2 erg/cm2 in the later paper the former estimate appears to be too optimistic. For the interface of solid and liquid lead, 7S) = 76 erg/cm2 was calculated130). 

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