Isobutyric add

Thus from ethylmalonic add, there is formed ethylacetic add = butyric add. If, instead of ethyl iodide, methyl or propyl iodide is used, proprionic add or valerianic add respectively is obtained. If two methyl groups are introduced into malonic ester, then, on decomposition, a dimethylacetic or isobutyric add will be formed. 

We have studied efficiency of MNaY and MNaZSM-5 type zeolites with M= Co(II), Cu(II), Ni(n) and Fe(III) in aerobic epoxidation using /roras-stilbene as model substrate and isobutyraldehyde (IBA) as reductant. The results are summarized in Table 1. Trons-stilbene epoxide was found to be the main oxidation product, isobutyric add being the main product of transformation of IBA. Order of the catalytic activity of the metal ions introduced into NaY zeolites (Co > Cu Ni, Fe, NaY) is similar to that obtained previously for M-substituted heteropolytungstates [13]. Pronounced catalytic activity of CoNaY and NiNaY zeolites was earlier observed for co-oxidation of linear alkenes with acetaldehyde at 70°C [15]. The extents of ion exchange that can be attained for NaZSM-5 catalysts are less than those for NaY... 

Dehydrogenation of isobutyric add to methacrylic add, which is then esterified to methyl methacrylate. The isobutyric add derives from two possible sources ... 

Heteropolysalts with composition Kx(NH4)3-xPMoi2O40 were prepared hy precipitation the compounds were tested as catalysts for the oxidative dehydrogenation of isobutyric add to methacrylic add. The heteropolysalts proved to be active and selective in the short-term, leading to methacryUc add with selectivity close to the 70% at total reactant conversion. The calcination temperature of the samples, as well as their cationic composition, affected the performance the best results were obtained with the (NH4)3PMoi2O40 compoimd, caldned at 380C. The effect of the main operative parameters (temperature, residence time and oxygen partial pressme) on the catalytic performance was studied. 

In the petrochemical industry the introduction of unsaturations in hydrocarbons is mainly obtained by dehydrogenation. This kind of reaction is less suitable for the functionalization of fine chemicals, because the high temperature necessary for the endothermic reaction can lead to the decomposition of thermally unstable compounds. An alternative reaction consists in the oxidative dehydrogenation, that can be carried out at lower temperatiu es. An example of this kind of reaction is constituted by the synthesis of methacrylic add (MAA, intermediate of methylmethacrylate production) via the oxidative dehydrogenation of isobutyric add (IBA), itself obtained from isobutyraldehyde (by-product of the oxo synthesis of nbutyraldehyde from propylene). This process constitutes one of the economically most interesting routes, alternative to the acetone-cyanohydrin process, which nowadays is the predominant process for the MAA production. 

Z Particle size, polymerization rate, atul solid content of the final latexes remain unchanged compared with polymerizations with the unreacted individual components of the inisurfe (water soluUe non-surface-active azo-bis (di-isobutyric add amidine) and a C15-alkylmonosulfonate as emulsifier in the case of Inisurf 4 and a potassium salt of co-aminoundecanoic acid as emulsifier in the case of Inisurf 5, respectively). 

Fig. 13. Thermodynamic parameters for 1 1 and 1 2 complexes of lanthanides with hiba and isobutyric add AG (squares), AH (circles), AS (triangles). Solid symbols are 1 1 complexes, open symbols for step-wise...

See Hydi y-phenyl-bulyric Add and Hydr-ox phenyl-isobutyric Add. Hydroxymethyl-indene. 

Short-chain aliphatic acids aca = acetic acid pra = propionic acid nba = n-butyiic acid iba = isobutyric add (2-methylptopionic acid) mba = (25)-methyl-butyric acid 3-mba = 3-methyl-butyric acid hmba = 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-butyric acid (nihc acid stereochemistry undetermined) / (-)-hmba = 2R,3R / (-r)-hmba =... 

Monotetpene, linalool, limonene, a-pinene, dtronellal, dtral, geranial Pyruvic acid, acetaldehyde, ethanol Isopropanal, isopropanol, a-keto-isobutyric add 3-Methylbutanal, 3-methylbutanol, a-keto-isocaproic add 2-Methylbutanal, 2-methylbutanol Benzaldehyde, phenylacetaldehyde, dnnamaldehyde Hydrocinnamaldehyde, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde p-Hydroxy phenylacetaldehyde, p-hydroxy dnnamaldehyde, p-hydroxy cinnamaldehyde... 

The lower fatty acid most frequently bound in esters is acetic acid, while formic, propionic, butyric and isobutyric adds occur less often. The common alcohol bound in esters is ethanol. However, esters of methanol, aUyl alcohol, butan-l-ol higher alcohols and very often esters of monoterpenic and aromatic alcohols also occur in foods, and esters of sulfur-containing alcohols are also common. Esters of low molecular weight acids and alcohols usually have a fruity odour esters of terpenic alcohols with low molecular weight adds tend to have fragrant odours resembling flowers. Esters of aromatic adds and aromatic alcohols generally have heavy balsamic odours. 

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