Irrigating system

Pipe used for low-pressure applications such as transporting air, steam, gas, water, oil, etc. Employed in machinery, buildings, sprinkler and irrigation systems, and water wells but not in utility distribution systems can transport fluids at elevated temperatures and pressures not subjected to external heat applications. Fabricated in standard diameters and wall thicknesses to ASTM specifications, its diameters range from Vs to 42 in. o.d. 

A.S. Felsot, R.G. Evans, and J.R. Ruppert, Field studies of imidacloprid distribution following application to soil through a drip irrigation system , in Terrestrial Field Dissipation Studies Design, Interpretation and Purpose, ed. E.L. Arthur, V.E. Clay, and A. Barefoot, ACS Symposium Series No. 842, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC (2003). 

A schematic of a bioventing installation, including a system for the addition of water and nutrients, is depicted in Figure 14.4. When the contaminated zone is near the surface and the soil is sufficiently permeable, the addition of water, together with dissolved nutrients, can be carried out using a simple surface irrigation system. When the contamination is located at lower horizons, an underground infiltration system or a network of wells may be more appropriate. 

To achieve a good intrinsic visible fruit quality, biotic and abiotic stress to the trees has to be controlled. Therefore, conventional fruit orchards are often fitted with relatively expensive installations such as wind break hedges, hail nets, irrigation systems and wind machines for frost prevention, irrigation and liquid fertilisation facilities and wild animal fences. Apart from liquid fertilisation systems, most of these installations can also be installed in organic orchards and help to assure yield and quality security. 

Fig. 9 Annual inflow to La Sotonera dam compared with water delivered to the Monegros channel simulated for 2071-2100 using RCM RCAO E A2. Also shown is the maximum value of water required to feed the irrigation system connected to La Sotonera dam (421.64 x 106 m3) also simulated using RCM RCAO E A2...

Bartley, T.R. 1967. Progress report on evaluation of copper for aquatic weed control and herbicide residues on irrigation systems. U.S. Bur. Reclam. Rep. No. WC-32. 58 pp. 

Bowmer, K.H., G.R. Sainty, G. Smith, and K. Shaw. 1979. Management of Elodea in Australian irrigation systems. Jour. Aquat. Plant Manage. 17 4-12. 

The irrigation systems were constructed in this valley in 1930-1960s. It was found afterward that irrigation drainage water from parts of the San Joaquin Valley contains levels of selenium and other trace elements that have been implicated in bird deformations in the Kesterson Reservoir. Depending on location and season, the drainage water contains 100-1400 pg/L Se, predominantly as selenate (SeO 2, Se-IV), the most soluble form, whereas the California State Water Resources Control Board has recommended an interim maximum mean monthly selenium concentration of 2-5 pg/L in receiving waters and wetlands. 

Guerra LC, Bhuiyan SI, Tuong TP, Barker R. 1998. Producing more rice with less water from irrigated systems. IRRl Discussion Paper Series No 29. Manila International Rice Research Instimte. 

Use drip- and soaker-hose irrigation systems (see pp.64-65) rather than overhead sprinklers. 

Ajwa, H. A., Trout, T., and Mueller, J. (2002). Application of alternative fumigants through drip irrigation systems. Phytopathology 92,1349-1355. 

---