Irradiation radiography

Common radioactive material in use today includes the alpha emitters Americium-241 and Plutonim-238 the beta emitters Phosporus-32 and Strontium-90 and the gamma emitters Cesium-137, Cobalt-60, and Iridium-192 [44], These materials are commonly used in smoke detectors, oil exploration, industrial gauges, food and mail irradiation, cancer therapy, industrial radiography, and in research laboratories. 

Cobalt-60. Cobalt-60 emits gamma and beta radiation and has a half-life of 5.26 years. Used to sterilize surgical instruments and to improve the safety and reliability of industrial fuel oil burners. Used in cancer treatment, food irradiation, gauges, and radiography. 

Indigenously developed Pu rich mixed carbide fuel is chosen as driver fiiel for Mark I Since the fuel is new, it is proposed to ascertain its performance through Post Irradiation Examination (PIE) and increase the reactor power in a phased manner. Detailed PIE has been carried out in inerted shielded cells on one irradiated fuel subassembly (SA) at a bumup of 25,000 MW-d/t at a peak linear heat rating (LHR) of 320 W/cm (Fig 4). PIE included visual examination, dimensional measurement, leak testing, eddy current testii, X-radiography and metallography. The observations were shining appearance of the fuel pins. 

Six stainless steel clad cadmium blades, inserted between the fuel assemblies, are used for control and safety purposes. Beryllium blocks are used as reflector, and demineralized light water is used as moderator and coolant. The reactor is used for radioisotope production, neutron activation analysis, geological samples irradiation, training, and research involving material irradiation, neutron radiography and neutron physics. 

Any incident in which the malfunction of a radiation generator or its ancillary equipment used in fixed or mobile industrial radiography, the irradiation of food or the processing of products by irradiation, causes it to fail to de-energize at the end of the intended exposure period or to fail to return to its safe position at the end of the intended exposure period. 

Cobalt-60 Reactor Cancer therapy sterilization food irradiation waste treatment industrial radiography gauging devices mechanical wear studies... 

When Cf is used as a neutron source, the data listed in Table 11.2 are useful. Practical applications of Cf make use of the spontaneous-fission neutrons generated by this isotope. Neutrons from Cf sources have been useful in such areas as neutron activation analysis, neutron radiography (complements x-ray radiography), and medical therapy. These neutron sources are most useful where access to nuclear reactors is not possible, not convenient, and/or where a lower neutron flux is adequate. For example, portable neutron activation analysis systems have been designed for use in deep-sea exploration for minerals. Various sizes and forms of Cf sources have been designed for medical applications, both for external irradiation and internal implantation. How extensive the practical application of Cf may become will be determined by the success of experiments using this nuclide. 

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