Irradiation modulus

Where is the ratio of the irradiated to unirradiated elastic modulus. The dislocation pinning contribution to the modulus change is due to relatively mobile small defects and is thermally annealable at 2000°C. Figure 13 shows the irradiation-induced elastic modulus changes for GraphNOL N3M. The low dose change due to dislocation piiming (dashed line) saturates at a dose <1 dpa. 

Fig. 13. Neutron irradiation-induced Young s modulus changes for GraphNOL N3M at irradiation temperatures of 600 and 875°C [61],...

Graphite will creep imder neutron irradiation and stress at temperatures where thermal creep is normally negligible. The phenomenon of irradiation creep has been widely studied because of its significance to the operation of graphite moderated fission reactors. Indeed, if irradiation induced stresses in graphite moderators could not relax via radiation creep, rapid core disintegration would result. The observed creep strain has traditionally been separated into a primary reversible component ( ,) and a secondary irreversible component (Ej), both proportional to stress and to the appropriate unirradiated elastic compliance (inverse modulus) [69]. The total irradiation-induced creep strain (ej is thus ... 

The effect of oxidative irradiation on mechanical properties on the foams of E-plastomers has been investigated. In this study, stress relaxation and dynamic rheological experiments are used to probe the effects of oxidative irradiation on the stmcture and final properties of these polymeric foams. Experiments conducted on irradiated E-plastomer (octene comonomer) foams of two different densities reveal significantly different behavior. Gamma irradiation of the lighter foam causes stmctural degradation due to chain scission reactions. This is manifested in faster stress-relaxation rates and lower values of elastic modulus and gel fraction in the irradiated samples. The incorporation of O2 into the polymer backbone, verified by IR analysis, conftrms the hypothesis of... 

Clay hllers were surface modihed with TMPTA or triethoxyvinyl silane (TEVS) followed by EB irradiation by Ray and Bhowmick [394]. Both the untreated and treated fillers were incorporated in an ethylene-octene copolymer. Mechanical, dynamic mechanical, and rheological properties of the EB-cured unfilled and filled composites were studied and a significant improvement in tensile strength, elongation at break, modulus, and tear strength was observed in the case of surface-treated clay-filled vulcanizates. Dynamic mechanical studies conducted on these systems support the above findings. 

FIGURE 31.13 (a) Plot showing the stress-strain behavior of various irradiated rubbers, (b) Plot showing the variation of tensile strength and modulus of rubbers irradiated with different doses, (c) Plot showing the variation of hysteresis loss, set, and elongation at break of irradiated fluorocarbon rubbers. (From Banik, I. and Bhowmick, A.K., Radial. Phys. Chem., 54, 135, 1999. With permission.)... 

Figure 34 Left (a) equilibrium storage modulus G as a function of y-irradiation dose determined from DMA experiments on exposed PU samples (b) 1/T2ave as a function of G. Right BC CPMAS NMR measurements on non-irradiated PU sample (a) 3 ms, (b) 0.5 ms, and (c) 100 pis. SS denotes soft segment HS denotes hard segment. Reprinted from Maxwell [87], Copyright 2003, with permission from Elsevier.

Figure 3. The increase in the incident UV light intensity enhances the cross-linking rate, as indicated by the larger slopes of the elastic modulus (G ) plotted as a function of UV exposure time. The use of either the pulse or continuous modes of irradiation do not affect the rheological properties for the NOA 61 sample. Here, the frequency of oscillation is 10 rad/s and the intensities have units of mW cm 2.

Figure 4. The elastic (G ) and viscous modulus (G") at the gel point match well for samples irradiated by using the pulse or continuous modes.

Dynamic Mechanical and Thermomechanical Analysis. A DuPont Model 981 DMA was used to determine the dynamic modulus and damping characteristics of baseline and irradiated specimens. Transverse composite samples 1.27 cm x 2.5 cm were used so that the modulus and damping data were primarily sensitive to matrix effects. Data were generally determined from -120°C through the glass transition temperature (Tg) of each material using a heating rate of 5°C/min. 

Typical tension stress-strain curves of baseline and irradiated unidirectional T300/934 composites tested in [0] and [90] orientations at three different temperatures (121 are shown in Figures 11 and 12. Irradiation had essentially no effect on the fiber-dominated tensile modulus of the [0] specimen and caused only a small (10-15%) reduction in strength at the low and elevated temperatures. For the matrix-dominated [90] laminates, irradiation caused a very substantial decrease in strength at three test temperatures (-38% at -157°C, -26% R.T., -13% 121°C). Irradiation increased the modulus at -157°C and R.T. (10 - 15%), but lowered it at 121°C (-15%). These results are consistent with results obtained on the neat resin specimens discussed above. 

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