IPDA

In the multistep production of IPDI, isophorone is first converted to 3-cyano-3,5,5-trknethylcyclohexanone (231—235), then hydrogenated and ammoniated to 3-aminomethyl-3,5,5-trknethyl-l-aminocyclohexane (1) (236,237), also known as isophorone diamine (IPDA). In the final step IPDA is phosgenated to yield IPDI (2) (238). Commercial production of IPDI began in the United States in 1992 with the startup of Olin s 7000 t/yr plant at Lake Charles, Louisiana (239), and the startup of Hbls integrated isophorone derivatives plant in Theodore, Alabama (240). Hbls has a worldwide capacity for IPDA of 40,000 t/yr. 

Isophorone diamine (IPDA), 10 395 14 588 cis, Irares-Isophoronediamine physical properties of, 2 500t Isophorone dienamine-acrylonitrile reaction, 13 438... 

Figure 6.34 Bis-(thio)ureas 111-114 derived from IPDA and results of the screening in the DABCO-promoted MBH reaction between cyclohexanecarbaldehyde and 2-cyclohexen-1-one under neat conditions at 10°C.

Figure 8.37. In situ Raman spectra of dopamine oxidation in I M HBr at a carbon electrode surface. An IPDA detector was gated for 50 msec time increments ending at the times indicated after initiation of DA oxidation. The band at 1572 cm is from the electrogenerated orthoquinone, that at 1539 cm is from brominated quinone. (Adapted from Reference 33 with permission.)...

The optical multichannel photodiode array most used in Raman spectroscopy is the IPDA consisting of a one-dimensional array of amplified photodiodes. The mechanism behind the IPDA detection is that each photodiode converts photons to separated electron-hole pairs (semiconductor-amplification device). In some solid-state detectors (e.g.,... 

Raman Systems. - Raman instruments may be constructed by assembling components piece by piece, or one may rely on the experience and (business-driven) sense of Raman manufacturers/distributors and acquire a Raman "package." Figure 1 shows the piece by piece Raman spectroscopy apparatus used in the authors laboratory. The laser source is a Spectra-Physics argon-ion laser (Model 165), the monochromator is a SPEX Triplemate, and the detector is an IPDA/OMA (EG G, PAR) which is controlled with a dedicated... 

Macroscopic phenomena are described by systems of integro-partial differential algebraic equations (IPDAEs) that are simulated by continuum methods such as finite difference, finite volume and finite element methods ([65] and references dted therein [66, 67]). The commonality of these methods is their use of a mesh or grid over the spatial dimensions [68-71]. Such methods form the basis of many common software packages such as Fluent for simulating fluid dynamics and ABAQUS for simulating solid mechanics problems. 

Structural Effects. Excitation and emission spectra of the PMDA based polyimide films obtained from Dow were measured. The fluorescence intensity decreases in the order PMDA-ODA > PMDA-MDA > PMDA-IPDA, as the ether linkage is replaced with more bulky, less flexible linkages. X-ray diffraction data, provided by Dow, also show that this is the order of increasing intermolecular distance, d. The wavelength of the excitation maximum also shifts to higher energy with reduced flexibility and increased bulkiness of this linkage. These results are tabulated in Table III below. 

The effect of an additional 310 °C cure on the emission intensity and intermolecular spacing of a 6FDA-IPDA film, as compared to a 250 °C cured 6FDA-IPDA film, is also shown in Table III. The intensity of the 310 °C cured sample is significantly greater than that of the 250 °C cured sample. This behavior is identical to that observed in the cure study of the commercial polyimide films. Furthermore, this increase in intensity corresponds to a decrease in intermolecular distance, as shown by the data in Table III, analogous to the trend observed with the PMDA films. Finally, this extra cure appeared to result in a more ordered film as is evident by the addition of two minor diffraction peaks corresponding to 3.4 and 2.1... 

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