Modulation of voltage-gated ion

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Na channel P subunits, the Drosophila Na channel auxiliary subunit TipE, and the P subunits of voltage-gated K and Ca channels have similar functions in terms of modulation of channel activity (Adelman 1995, Isom et al 1994, Warmke et al 1997). As will be discussed below, however, only the mammalian Na channel P subunits also function as cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). What other proteins associate with Na channels and contribute to the ion conduction proteome in excitable cells How is Na channel function affected by these associated proteins and by the local cellular environment Recent advances, outlined below, have begun to answer these important questions in channel biology. 

Metabotropic receptors can modulate voltage-gated ion channels directly (membrane-delimited action) and also by the formation of diffusible second messengers through G protein-mediated effects on enzymes involved in their synthesis. A classic example of the latter type of action is provided by the beta-adrenoceptor, which generates cAMP via the activation of adenylyl cyclase. The answer is (B). 

Modulation of ion channels in the brain is the mechanism of action of several antiepileptic drugs. Even though the structures of voltage-gated sodium, calcium, and potassium channels in the brain and in the heart are different, it is not inconceivable that in some circumstances some antiepileptic drugs may lose their specificity and alter cardiac excitability. 

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