Inventive step concept

The selected examples demonstrate that only few decarboxylative couplings are close to synthetic maturity. Many inventive steps are still required to overcome remaining limitations and to unleash the full potential of this new reaction craicept. New decarboxylation catalysts have to be designed that operate at low temperatures and tolerate a broad variety of carboxylic acids. For several decarboxylative reactions, the proof of concept has been achieved (Mily for a very limited scope of substrates. Extending these processes to the full range of carboxylic acids remains a challenging task. 

Keep records that document when and what was invented. It is important that accurate records are kept showing your original sketches with a disclosure statement describing what and how your invention works. It is useful to have someone witness this disclosure document and verify the date that this invention took place. It is often during this step that the invention concept is either modeled (mathematical or physical or both) and tested. Thus, accurate records of these analyzes or test results should also be kept. In the U.S. it is the first to invent that will obtain a patent in the event of two individuals inventing the same thing. Keep the disclosure document secret until the patent application is submitted to the patent office. 

In connection with the notebook, which may be of significance, another valuable statement can be the conception records or patent proposals or disclosure sheets, or whatever other name is given to the formalized documents submitted by laboratory workers to a patent attorney or agent. The signature thereon may also become of great legal significance. Here, as well as in notebooks, a clear and concise description of the invention is important, but in contrast to the notebook, it can be more clearly directed to the point of invention than can the lab notebook which only serves to record step-by-step procedures, failures, and observations of no future importance. The conception record should ... 

A second exception in the USA which influences the effective priority date of an invention (but not the official priority of the patent ) is the so-called swearing-back according to the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 37 (37 CFR, 1.131). If there is an interference with other patents or patent applications, the US patent authority will ask the applicant of USA-derived inventions to provide detailed information on the actual time of conception of the invention, reduction to practice and on all further steps which finally led to the current application. Proof of those activities can be provided by laboratory notebooks and other relevant documents, e.g. those which prove the involvement of a patent attorney during the process of drafting and filing the application in question. This information will be considered in order to assess the effective time when the invention was made and when it was reduced to practice in order to fulfil the requirements for patentability. 

We can now address the significance of a third element— what can be described as the entrepreneurial, combined element. The six stages of the R D system process are really the steps that characterize going from invention to innovation, as discussed in the economics of innovation literature. The role of the concept of the entrepreneur is very crucial here. 

It must be remembered that inventorship is different from authorship. Inventorship is based on legal requirements and must be strictly followed, whereas authorship is more arbitrary. The determination of inventorship is based on first inspecting the invention and determining what person or persons made an inventive contribution to the conception and reduction to practice of this invention. Conception is the mental steps taken to develop the invention. Reduction to practice is the physical process of taking the idea to the completed working invention. When two or more inventors (joint inventors) are involved, each must contribute to the claimed invention, but each is not required to have made a contribution to each claim of the patent. 

Laermer and SchUp of Robert Bosch GmbH originally invented a fluorine-based chemistry process [5], which maintains verticality (anisotropy), by using the concept of alternate etch and passivation steps, which is also called the time-multiplexed deep etching (TMDE) [6]. 

Synthetic highlights Although not feasible from a cost-benefit point of view, racemic switch to the R(+) enantiomer is discussed. Retrosynthetic analysis of the fexofenadine molecule is presented together with some inventive synthetic steps employed. These include ZnBr2-catalyzed transposition (rearrangement) of a-haloketones to terminal carboxylic acids and microbial oxidation of the non-activated C-H bond. The concept of bioisosterism is exemplified by the silicon switch of fexofenadine to sila-fexofenadine. 

The concept is considered to be the key invention of recent megascale, single-train plants, such as 3300ton/day plant operated by the Saudi Arabian Fertilizer Company (SAFCO) in A1 JubaU, Saudi Arabia. It allows a significant 50% step-up in capacity, still on the sound basis of proven equipment. 

---