Invariants model

Emergent vs Invariate Models , in Rita Kipp and Richard Kipp (eds.) Beyond Samosir Recent Studies of the Batak Peoples of Sumatra. Athens, Ohio Ohio University Center for International Studies, 13-20. 

In more recent years extensive work by Cohen-Addad [92-95] and Brereton [96-98] has lead to a more comprehensive understanding of the effect of chain entanglements on the decay of transverse relaxation in the NMR experiment. In their scale-invariant model, the polymer chain is considered to consist of a series of sub-units, the smallest of which... 

Donaldson, C. D., and Rosenbaum, H., Calculation of Turbulent Shear Flows through Closure of the Reynolds Equations by Invariant Modeling, Rep. No. 127, Aero Res. Ass., Princeton University, Princeton New Jersey, 1968. 

The purpose of tidal corrections is a reduction from the time variable actual state to a quasi—stationary, time—invariant model of the physical world. Here we will concentrate on tidal reductions for diurnal and semi-diurnal periodical effects on absolute heights, induced by astronomical and earth tides. 

Al-Haj Ali et al. [5,6] developed different types of linear time invariant models by system identification, which adequately represent the fluidized-bed drying dynamics. MBC techniques such as IMC and model predictive control (MPC) were used for the designing of the control system. Simulations with multivariable MPC strategy... 

Inamuro, T., N. Konishi, and F. Ogino. A Galilean Invariant Model of the Lattice Boltzmann Method for Multiphase Huid Flows Using Free-Energy Approach. Comput. Phys. Commun. 129 32-45 (2000). 

The probability distribution of the maximum value (i.e. the largest extreme) is often approximated by one of the asymptotic extreme value distributions. Hence for structures subjected to a single time-varying action, a random process model is replaced by a random variable model and the principles and methods for time invariant models may he apphed. 

The analysis shows the viabihty of the problem to be reduced to a time-invariant procedure, with the proper assmnptions and simplifications, thus overcoming the complexity of the treatment while assuring a reasonable and acceptable approach. In fact the outcome demonstrates how the time invariance assumption of the issue, as assumed in most recent studies is quite correct or better the non stationary problem can be evaluated with good approximation within a time invariant model, which is quite accurate and acceptable. Nevertheless this study provides a further stride towards the achievement of a consistent approach for passive system reliability, by introducing the variable time. 

If it is assumed that the system under consideration can be described by a linear time-invariant model for the time spans between two discrete switching events then, starting from the partitioning of a bond graph model into fields as displayed in Fig. 2.16, a DAE system in the form... 

Linear data reconciliation was used to estimate the flow rates from the measurements. The process conditions vary strongly as can see from Figure 2, where some of the silo masses and the mass flow rate to the flash furnace are presented. Due to the large variations in the process dynamics, it is supposed that a time-invariant model cannot describe the process properly. 

The latter may be considered as a local time-invariant model which represents the structure when monitored during a small time interval. Within this interval the input parameter vector,... 

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