Inulin, hydrolysis

Glucose isomerisation was the only cost-effective method of producing HFCS recently, inulin hydrolysis has become a minor competitor. 

The EC have imposed an embargo on large-scale HFCS manufactnre in Europe so as to protect European sugar beet farmers. This embargo has been extended to HFCS manufacture by inulin hydrolysis. 

Kupin, G.A., Ruvinskii, O.E., and Zaiko, G.M., Inulin hydrolysis in Jerusalem artichoke juice, Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii Pishchevaya Tekhnologiya, 5/6, 77-78, 2002. 

Derivation Hydrolysis of inulin hydrolysis of beet sugar followed by lime separation, from cornstarch by enzymic or microbial action. 

Ricca E, Calabro V, Curcio S, lorio G (2009b), Optimization of inulin hydrolysis by inuhnase accounting for enzyme time- and temf)erature-dependent deactivation , Biochem. Eng. J., 48(1), 81-86. 

Figure 12 - Experimental apparatus used for inuline hydrolysis, including three continuous-flux tubular sonicated reactors (UR). Other symbols FD - flow detector FG - frequency generator FM - flow-meter P - pump PC - pump speed control R - feeding tank TB - thermostatic bath TC - thermocouples TD -temperature detector V - valves.

Ronkart, S.N., Blecker, C.S., Fourmanoir, H. et al. (2007) Herck and Michel Paquot, isolation and identification of inulooligosaccharides resulting from inulin hydrolysis. Anal. Chim. Acta, 604, 81-87. 

D-Fructose Fruit juices. Honey. Hydrolysis of cane sugar and of inulin (from the Jerusalem artichoke). Can be changed to glucose in the liver and so used in the body. Hereditary fructose intolerance leads to fructose accumulation and hypoglycemia. 

Early reports on levan are obscured by incomplete descriptions of impure products.2 96 Greig-Smith found that Bacillus levaniformans(1) produced levan from sucrose96" in suitable nutrient solutions, but not from D-glucose, D-fructose, lactose or maltose.966 He therefore assumed that levan could only be formed from the nascent D-fructose and D-glucose resulting from the inversion of sucrose. Hydrolysis of levan yielded D-fructose only, and analysis of levan agreed with the empirical formula (C HiriOi) it was noted that levan was closely related to inulin but was not identical with it. 

Difructose anhydride II reacts with one mole of per-iodic acid. Hydrolysis of its methyl derivative indicates that two different trimethyl-D-fructoses are formed whose combined specific rotations in water amount to between + 20° and + 30°. If we assume that this anhydride, like the other two derived from inulin, is made up of D-fructofuranoses, the facts that have been mentioned allow only three possible structures for this anhydride. 

There are several examples of one-pot reactions with bifunctional catalysts. Thus, using a bifunctional Ru/HY catalyst, water solutions of corn starch (25 wt.%) have been hydrolyzed on acidic sites of the Y-type zeolite, and glucose formed transiently was hydrogenated on ruthenium to a mixture of sorbitol (96%), mannitol (1%), and xylitol (2%) [68]. Similarly a one-pot process for the hydrolysis and hydrogenation of inulin to sorbitol and mannitol has been achieved with Ru/C catalysts where the carbon support was preoxidized to generate acidic sites [69]. Ribeiro and Schuchardt [70] have succeeded in converting fructose into furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid with 99% selectivity at 72% conversion in a one-pot reaction... 

The substantial amounts of this ketohexose are mainly prepared by base-catalyzed isomerization of starch-derived glucose, yet may also are generated by hydrolysis of inulin, a fructooligosaccharide. An aqueous solution of fructose—consisting of a mixture of all four cyclic tautomers (Figure 2.5), of which only the (3-D-pyranose ((3-p) form present to about 73% at room temperature is sweet — about 1.5 times sweeter than an equimolar solution of sucrose hence, it is widely used as a sweetener for beverages ( high fructose syrup ). 

Polymers of D-fructose are important carbohydrate reserves in a number of plants. Inulins and levans are two major types that differ in structure. D-Fructans require only relatively mild conditions for their hydrolysis, for example, levan was qualitatively hydrolyzed by hot, dilute, aqueous oxalic acid. Permethylated fructans could be hydrolyzed with 2 M CF3CO2H for 30 min at 60°. Fructan oligosaccharides were hydrolyzed in dilute sulfuric acid (pH 2) at 70 (see Ref. 53) or 95° (0.1 M). D-Fructans from timothy haplocorm (where they comprise 63% of the water-soluble carbohydrates) could be hydrolyzed with 0.01 M hydrochloric acid at 98°. 

Glucose syrups have been used in the food industry for a long time. Fructose is significantly sweeter than glucose. No effective chemical isomerisation methods are possible, and other sources of fructose, for instance by the hydrolysis of inulin, are not yet performed on large scale. Therefore an enzyme isomerisation technology has been developed (Jensen and Rugh, 1987 White, 1992 Pedersen, 1993). 

Inulinase (2— l)-/8-D-fructan fructanohydrolase, inulase hydrolysis of (2— l)-/3-D-ffuctosyl links in inulin... 

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