Introduced into plants

The 14C atoms are oxidized upon production and mixed with atmospheric C02. With the latter the 14C is introduced into plants and into surface and... 

Foreign enzymes—that is, with no plant equivalent, have been introduced into plants one of the uses of this approach was to address the nature of sucrose transport into the phloem. An invertase derived from the yeast enzyme was targetted to the cell wall of tobacco, potato, tomato, and A. thaliana (Sonnewald et al., 1994). The introduction of invertase decreased yield, presumably through the inhibition of sucrose transport. 

Figure 6.35. Electroporation. Foreign DNA can be introduced into plant cells by electroporation, the application of intense electric fields to make their plasma membranes transiently permeable.

A final exciting approach is to introduce into plants the genes for overproduction of a hormone, or antisense genes for an enzyme involve in hormone synthesis. These transgenic plants have already provided us with important information about the biological roles of auxins, cytokinins and ethylene [32]. 

Recently, a new in vivo assay of cytoskeletal organization was introduced into plant cell biology, in which a laser trap can be used to displace various cytoplasmic structures [103,104]. The power required to displace transvacuolar strands, which consist of MTs and MFs, can be used to assay cytoskeletal tension. This is the so-called cell optical displacement assay (CODA). CODA experiments have been performed to estimate the... 

Radioactive alkaloid precursors have been introduced into plants of the family by several methods. These include syringe injection into the bulb or flower stem, leaf absorption, and the culture of floral prim-ordia upon a suitable nutrient. Incorporation of radioactive precursors by root feeding or by 1 002 has not produced significant incorporation of the label into the alkaloids. 

Entomotoxins introduced into plants by recombinant DNA technology... 

Mouras, A., Saul, M. W., Essad, S., and Potrykus, I. (1987) Localization by in situ hybridization of a low copy chimaeric resistance gene introduced into plants by direct gene transfer. Mol. Gen. Genet. 207,204-209... 

The elucidation of the biosynthetic pathway for the production of various metabolites has been extensively examined through the use of techniques that use isotopic labeling (stable isotopes and radioactive isotopes). Initially, radiolabeled precursors were introduced into plants and the resultant radioactive compounds were chemically degraded to identify the positions of the label. As the development of analytical instrumentation advanced, the isotopically labeled natural products were analyzed by mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy instead of chemical degradation. 

In the area of plant biosafety (dealt with by the Working Group), consensus documents are being published on information on the biology of certain plant and animal species, selected traits that may be introduced into plant species, and environmental safety issues arising from certain general types of modifications made to crops, trees or micro-organisms. 

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