Europe plants introduced into

Talbot A semi-continuous steelmaking process which combines the Bessemer and Open Hearth processes. Molten pig iron from a Bessemer converter is poured into an Open Hearth furnace containing fresh ore and lime. Impurities in the pig iron oxidize and enter the slag. The process improves the yield of steel and the throughput of the plant. Introduced by B. Talbot at Pencoed, PA, in 1900 and subsequently adopted in Europe. 

Vermouth is officially classified as an "aromatized fortified wine," referring to its derivation from a white base wine fortified and infused with a proprietary set of different plant parts barks, seeds, and fruit peels. These are collectively termed botanicals. Vermouths are particularly popular in Europe and in the United States (Amerine et al., 1980 Griebel, 1955 Panesar et al., 2009). The term "vermouth" is derived from the German word for wormwood Wermut. It is supposedly derived from Wer (man) and Mut (courage, spirit, manhood Pilone, 1954). When vermouth was introduced into Bavaria in the first half of the seventeenth century, by the Piedmont producer Alessio, Artemisia absinthium was probably translated literally as Wermutwein. When it reached France, it was changed to vermouth (Liddle and Boero, 2003). 

In the United States, fluid mixtures account for more than 20 percent of the total fertilizer sales. To a lesser extent, fluid mixtures have been introduced into Europe, North America, and South America. Fluid mixtures are used on high-value crops in some middle eastern countries, particularly Israel, where efficient use of water is as important as the efficient use of plant nutrients. 

In the sixteenth century Biringuccio seems to have appreciated the distinction between nitrum or soda and sal nitri or saltpetre. Somewhat earlier the Arabs introduced into Europe the words natrun, natrum, and natron, signifying soda, and nitrum, meaning saltpetre. They also introduced the word alkali (p. 1), but drew no distinction between soda, derived from the ashes of sea-plants, and potash, obtained from the ashes of land-plants. These substances were denominated fixed alkali in contradistinction to the volatile ammonium carbonate. 

Sunflower was introduced into Europe by the Spanish explorers returning to the continent at the beginning of the 1500s a.d. The first scientific review of American plants was made by Sevillan doctor Nicolas Bautista Monardes (1508-1588), who wrote Historia medicinal de las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias Occidentales (A medical review of things brought from the West Indies, published in Seville in... 

The part of the potato plant, Solammi tuberosum, that is eaten is called a tuber. A tuber is a bud at the end of an underground stem, not a root, that becomes enlarged. Native to Pern and Chile, the potato had been eaten by the people living in that region for 7,000 years. The people of the Andes ate cooked tubers, and they also dried potatoes andground them into flour. After the Americas were discovered by Europeans, potatoes were introduced into Europe and then later into North and Central America, where they had not been previously known by the native Americans who lived there. Many of the types that are common today were known by the Andean people, who also had blue, purple, and yellow varieties. 

Pyrethrum. the dried flower of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefoHum, or its solvent extract, has been used for centuries in order to kill insects. The plant, originally native to the Near East, was introduced into Europe and America in the nineteenth century, and later into Japan and Africa. Its main regions of culture are Kenya and other African countries, Equador and Japan. 

Cocaine has a very interesting history. The coca plant was used by South American Indians for religious and mystical purposes and as a stimulant both to increase endurance and to alleviate hunger. It was introduced into Europe during the 1800s, and at the end of the 19th century, cocaine use was popular and socially acceptable. Various cocaine-containing preparations were available, and it also was used to fortify wines (e.g., Vin Coca). For a period of approximately 20 years, until just after the turn of the century, it was a constituent of the soft drink Coca-Cola. Additionally, cocaine was used for therapeutic reasons but was later supplanted by amphetamine. 

Williamson E, MacTavish H (2007) An investigation into the potential market and feasibility of introducing new medicinal plant crops into the UK and Europe. The National Non-Food Crops Centre, York. Available via http //www.nnfcc. co.uk. Cited 28 Aug 2007... 

ORIGIN AND HISTORY. Rye was domesticated relatively recently, about the 4th century B.C., in Germany, and later in southern Europe. According to N. I. Vavilov, the Russian plant scientist, cultivated rye originated from wild species that occurred as weeds in wheat and barley crops, and rye was introduced into cultivation simultaneously and independently at many localities in central Asia or Asia Minor. 

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