Cytoplasm structure

Light microscope (LM) studies showed that ECT caused distinct changes to the cellular structure of treated tumors. In the anodic area, the nuclei shrank and cytoplasmic structure disappeared.37 In the cathode area, the cells swelled and the interface among cells blurred. Repeatedly, one observes swelling in the cathode area (oedema) and dehydration around the anode — this key observation can only be explained in terms of electroosmotically driven water from anode to cathode, to be discussed in details in the Section on Mechanistic Studies. 

Early descriptions of the changes in cytoplasmic structure that occurred during pseudopodia formation referred to a soluble (Sol) and a gelled or semisolid (Gel) state. Thus, it was assumed that the cytoplasm in the organelle-free peripheral cytoplasm was in the Sol state, whilst in pseudopodia (which resist deformation by mechanical forces) it is in the Gel state. Thus, the control of neutrophil functions via changes in cytoplasmic structure may be explained by understanding this so-called Sol —> Gel transition. It is perhaps more convenient to think of this transition as the processes that elongate and cross-link actin filaments. 

Liver cells comprise the cell nucleus (= karyoplasm) and the cell body (= cytoplasm). Hepatocytes and sinusoidal cells have various types of organelles in their eosinophilic cytoplasm such as endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, peroxisomes, ribosomes, centrioles and kinetosomes. Numerous and diverse metabolic processes take place with their help. Almost all cytoplasmic structures of liver cells are continuously renewed (up to twice daily). (20, 27, 30, 33, 35, 46-48, 50, 53, 58, 59, 69, 74) (s. figs. 2.9, 2.16-2.18) (s. tab. 2.1)... 

Feathery degeneration is the term used to describe the delicate honeycomb-like, brownish streaky change of liver cells, which is due to bilirubin impregnation of the visible cytoplasmic structures. It can occur following long-term cholestasis. Cellular hydrops is evident with dilation of the endoplasmic cisternas, caused by the toxic impact of biliary acids, (s. fig. 13.4)... 

Tubulin and microtubules occur in all plant, animal, and prokaryotic cells and participate in a number of essential processes. As is the case for actin filaments, microtubules occur in highly organized, relatively permanent forms such as cilia and flagella, and as transient cytoplasmic structures. Other similarities between actin filaments and microtubules are listed in Table 21-1. 

A striking feature of the EAAC immunoreactivity is that a large part of it localizes to cytoplasmic structures (Conti et al., 1998 Kugler and Schmitt, 1999). The cytoplasmic localization of EAAC immunoreactivity is in sharp contrast to the predominant plasma membrane localizations of GET, GLAST (Chaudhry et al., 1995) and EAAT4 (Dehnes et al., 1998). It is now believed to imply that EAAC can be rapidly mobilized from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane (see Section 5). 

The T cell antigen receptor contains a minimum of 8 polypeptides and may be divided into two functional complexes, in which one mediates ligand binding and the other performs the signal transduction. Antigen binding takes place via the Ti-a and / subunits, which only have very short cytoplasmic structural portions and are not di-... 

As described, ribosomes are cytoplasmic structures that synthesize proteins. (Because they are composed of both protein and rRNA, the ribosomes are sometimes described as ribonucleoprotein bodies.) The ribosomes of prokaryotes and eukary-... 

Fungi, like plants and animals, are eukaryotic organisms with organized nuclei contained within a nuclear membrane. By and large, the various cytoplasmic structures and... 

Recently, a new in vivo assay of cytoskeletal organization was introduced into plant cell biology, in which a laser trap can be used to displace various cytoplasmic structures [103,104]. The power required to displace transvacuolar strands, which consist of MTs and MFs, can be used to assay cytoskeletal tension. This is the so-called cell optical displacement assay (CODA). CODA experiments have been performed to estimate the... 

Apoptotic changes in the cells involve both nuclear and cytoplasmic structures as well as extracellular matrix components, and exhibit characteristic morphologic features consisting mainly in plasma membrane blebbing, cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, and DNA fragmentation. ... 

Several biochemical studies into the effects of novobiocin on membrane synthesis have been carried out. For example, the incorporation of radioactive glucose into the mannose fractions of the cytoplasmic membrane of M. lysodeikticus has been found to be inhibited by novobiocin [31], although similar inhibitions occur in other cellular fractions. With the use of protoplasts of B. megaterium, it has been shown [67] that the incorporation of radioactive amino acids and glycerol into both membrane and cytoplasmic fractions is inhibited by similar degrees. It was concluded that, although the membrane may be malfunctional, the cytoplasmic structure of novobiocin-treated protoplasts can be similarly described. 

It is expected that partial neutralization of negatively charged residue(s) by site-directed mutagenesis would also lead to the modified cytoplasmic structure as viewed from a NMR spectral change, if such a mutation site is located at the above-mentioned proton-binding cluster. Indeed, Asp 102 and 104 are located at the C-D loop constituting cytoplasmic surface complex, because Asp 36, 38, 102, and 104 and Glu 161 seem to efficiently collect protons from the aqueous bulk phase and funnel them to the entrance of the CP proton pathway. In order to... 

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