Intravenous fluids crystalloids

Replace fluid and electrolyte losses with intravenous saline or other crystalloid solutions (patients with mild illness may tolerate oral rehydration). Patients with hypotension may require large-volume intravenous fluid resuscitation (see p 16). 

Give intravenous fluids in 250 ml aliquots of crystalloid in sufficient quantities to maintain a palpable radial pulse... 

Therapeutic intravenous (TV) fluids include crystalloid solutions, colloidal solutions, and oxygen-carrying resuscitation solutions. Crystalloids are composed of water and electrolytes, all of which pass freely through semipermeable membranes and remain in the intravascular space for shorter periods of time. As such, these solutions are very useful for correcting electrolyte imbalances but result in smaller hemodynamic changes for a given unit of volume. 

Sieunarine K, White GH. FuU-thickness burn and venous thrombosis following intravenous infusion of microwave-heated crystalloid fluids. Bums 1996 22(7) 568-9. 

Vaupshas H J, Levy M 1990 Distribution of saline following acute volume loading postural effects. Clinical and Investigative Medicine 13 165-177 Velanovich V 1989 Crystalloid versus colloid fluid resuscitation a meta-analysis of mortality. Surgery 105 65-71 Vukmir R B, Bircher N G, Radovsky A et al 1995 Sodium bicarbonate may improve outcome in dogs with brief or prolonged cardiac arrest. Critical Care Medicine 23 515-522 Walton R J 1979 Effect of intravenous sodium lactate on renal tubular reabsorption of phosphate in man. Clinical Science 57 125-127... 

Replace fluid deficits with intravenous normal saline (NS) or another isotonic crystalloid solution. Monitor serum potassium levels, which may fall sharply as blood glucose is corrected, and give supplemental potassium as needed. 

Replace fluid losses resulting from gastroenteritis with Intravenous crystalloids. 

Treat nausea and vomiting with metoclopramide (see p 467) and fluid loss caused by gastroenteritis with intravenous crystalloid fluids. 

Treat hypotension and fluid loss with aggressive use of intravenous crystalloid solutions, and vasopressor agents if needed, to support blood pressure and optimize urine output. 

Treat fluid losses from gastroenteritis with intravenous crystalloids. 

Replace fluid loss with intravenous crystalloid solutions, and correct electrolyte abnormalities (see Potassium, p 37). 

Replace fluid losses due to diarrhea or vomiting with intravenous crystalloid (see p 16). 

Treat fluid loss from gastroenteritis aggressively with Intravenous crystalloid solutions. 

In dehydrated patients, replace fluid deficits with intravenous crystalloid solutions. Initial treatment should Include repletion of sodium and water with 1-2 L of normal saline (children 10-20 mL/kg). Once fluid deficits are replaced, give hypotonic (eg, half-normal saline) solutions because continued administration of normal saline often leads to hypernatremia, especially in patients with lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. 

Treat fluid loss from vomiting or diarrhea with intravenous crystalloid fluids (P 16). 

Antacids may be used for mild gastrointestinal upset. Replace fluid losses with intravenous crystalloid solutions. 

Replace fluid and electmlyle deficits caused by vomiting and hyperventilation with intravenous crystalloid solutions. Be cautious with fluid erapy, because excessive fluid administration may contribute to pulmonary edema. Administer supplemental glucose, and treat hypoglycemia (see p 34) if it occurs. 

Hypotension usually responds to supine positioning and intravenous crystalloid fluids. Occasionally, pressor therapy is needed (p 16). 

---