Interspecies correlations

The interactions with similar sites in the different species may be determined by the same principal processes and thus by the same properties of the xenobi-otics that is, analogous QSARs (e.g. Hansch and Dunn, 1972 Ribo and Kaiser, 1983 Slooff, Canton and Hermens, 1983 Lipnick 1985c Moulton and Schultz, 1986 Nendza and Seydel, 1988a,b Nendza and Klein, 1990). In collinear test systems, the parallelism in response, including the pattern of outliers from lipophilicity-dependent baseline toxicity, can be recognized either from the comparison of the QSAR scatter plots for identical test compound sets on each of the endpoints or, even more conclusively, from the relationship between log principal component scores for the chemicals extracted from the 

Multivariate statistics are extremely useful for assessing collinearity among the effects on various species and endpoints (e.g. Dunn et aL, 1984 Coats et al., 1985 Schaper and Seydel, 1985 Szydlo et aL, 1985 Buckley et al., 1987 McKim, Bradbury and Niemi, 1987 Nendza and Seydel, 1988a Bradbury, Henry and Carlson, 1990 Nendza and Klein, 1990 Breukelen and Brock, 1993 Nendza and Wenzel, 1993). The identical ranking of chemicals in a multitude of biotests constitutes the basis for interspecies extrapolations. 

Evidently, the toxicity ranking by fish and algae cannot correlate for chemicals such as non-specific toxicants and photosynthesis-inhibitors together. These compounds may all be baseline toxicants with regard to fish but some (i.e. the herbicides) are definitely excess toxicants towards algae. The lack of parity, resulting from the non-uniformity of the chemicals toxicological pro- 

For the reliable application of taxonomic correlations, therefore, the same conceptions about the compounds potential modes of action are required, as for QSARs. Subjected to similar limitations, QSARs and interspecies correlations use similar principles and methods and may complement each other when used to obtain toxicity estimates if experimental results are unavailable. 

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Dedrick R, Bischoff KB, Zaharko DS. Interspecies correlation of plasma concentration history of methotrexate (NSC-740). Cancer Chemother Rep 1970 Apr 54(2) 95-101. 

Where an interspecies correlation is assumed to exist between Y (biological effect) and body weight, such that if T= aW" and the dose (mg) associated with Y in an experimental animal equals X, then... 

Raimondo, S., Mineau, P., and Barron, M.G. (2007) Estimation of chemical toxicity to wildlife species using interspecies correlation models. Environ. Sci. Technol., 41 (16), 5888-5894. 

Raimondo, S., Vivian, D., and Barron, M. Web-Based Interspecies Correlation Estimation (Web-ICE) for Acute Toxicity, EPA/600/R-10/004, US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Gulf Ecology Division, Gulf Breeze, FL (2010). 

ICE was developed for estimating acute toxicity of chemicals to species where data are lacking. Interspecies correlations were created for 95 aquatic and terrestrial organisms using least squares regression where both variables are random (i.e., both variables are independent and subject to measurement error Asfaw et al. 2004). The correlation coefficient (r) is used to describe the linear association amongst the... 

Integrating concentration- and effect-addition principles with (Q)SAR opens the door for (Q)SAR-based mixture assessments. As discussed above, linking interspecies correlations (Asfaw et al. 2004) with the USEPA s ECOSAR program allowed for the generation of species sensitivity distributions, hence a probabilistic estimate for aquatic community effects. Estimated HC5s for 4 chemicals were within a factor of 2 of published values, suggesting that current uncertainty factors overestimate NOECs established via data-based SSDs even SSDs derived... 

Cronin, M.T.D. and Dearden, J.C. (1995b). QSAR in Toxicology. 2. Prediction of Acute Mammalian Toxicity and Interspecies Correlations. Quant.Struct.-Act.Relat., 14,117-120. 

Doherty, EG. 1983. Interspecies correlations of acute aquatic median lethal concentration for four standard testing species. Environ. Sci. Technol. 17 661-665. 

Craig, W.A., Evenson, M.A. Ramgopal, V. (1976) The effect of uremia, cardiopulmonary bypass and bacterial infection on serum protein binding. In The Effect of Disease States on Drug Pharmacokinetics, (ed., L.Z. Benet) pp. 125-136. American Pharmaceutical Association, Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences Washington DC. Dedrick, R.L., Bischoff, K.B. Zaharko, D.S. (1970) Interspecies correlation of plasma concentration history of methotrexate (NSC-740). Cancer Chemotherapy Reports, (Part 1), 54, 95-101. 

Cronin MTD. Dearden JC. QSAR in toxicology 2. Prediction of acute mammalian toxicity and interspecies correlations. Quant Struct-Act Rel 1995 14(2) 117-20. 

Animal-to-Human Extrapolation. Current data bases containing human and experimental animal data provide some interspecies correlation in comparisons of immune perturbations caused by exposure to pesticides and other chemicals. The same approaches used by toxicologists with other target organs for extrapolation from experimental animals to man are valid for the immune system. For example, the first choice... 

The differences in sensitivity of organisms and test systems, although a possible complication for interspecies extrapolations, do not affect the reliability of these correlations. Much more critical are the actual limitations of their validity stemming from the different modes of toxic action of environmental contaminants in various species. Chemicals (e.g. herbicides and AChE inhibitors) that have different toxicity mechanisms in fish and algae, respectively (Figure 8.4), reveal distinct QSARs the interspecies correlations thus break down (e.g. Gehring and Rao, 1977 Smissaert and Jansen, 1984 Wallace and Niemi, 1988 Nendza and Wenzel, 1993). 

Figure 8.5 Principal component analysis of toxicity data obtained with non-specific and specific toxicants in three aquatic assays. The collinearity in toxic responses breaks down for chemicals with non-homologous modes of action with regard to the different test species and interspecies correlations are no longer valid.

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